The molten wood’s metal initial velocity variations effect on breaching simulation by MPS method

Series of MPS simulations have been conducted using two-dimensional geometry. The simulation was based on Sudha’s experiment (2018) about initial velocity variations on molten Wood’s Metal (WM). The molten WM would be flowed through nozzle with the diameter was 6 mm. It would impinge to the Woods Metal Plate (WMP) which 270 mm below the nozzle. The WMP diameter was 470 mm. The temperature of molten WM and WMP were set at 573 K and 300 K, respectively. The initial velocity of molten WM was varied at 0.327 m/s, 0.397 m/s, 0.498 m/s in the y-negative direction. The simulation was calculated by using 2D MPS with additional procedures such as heat transfer calculation and defining a new type of wall particle. The results showed some different spread patterns, leading edge and phase fraction change for each initial velocity. It can be concluded that with varying the initial velocity will affect on the radial spread pattern but not so much effect occurs on the phase volume fraction change.

Radiative heat transfer calculation for mixture of gases using full spectrum k-distribution method

The full spectrum k-distribution method is used to obtain radiative heat flux and divergence of radiative heat flux for two test cases, containing mixture of CO 2 and H 2 O at different concentration and temperature keeping pressure constant. The k-distribution for mixture of gases is obtained from individual gas k-distribution using three different mixing models, viz., superposition, multiplication and hybrid model. Further, the radiative transfer equation (RTE) is solved by the finite volume discrete ordinate method (FVDOM) to obtain the radiative flux and the radiation source term. The results obtained were compared with the FSK from spectral addition and LBL method. The multiplication mixing model provides better accuracy compared to other mixing models considered in the present study.

A simplified model for calculating heat transfer through the double skin facade

Double skin façade (DSF) has been recognized as a flexible type of envelope that can adapt to various building needs, such as insulation, solar heat gain, ventilation, and shading. This adaption ability makes the DSF a potentially high performance envelope. However, the reliable calculation of the heat flow in the DSF has been a challenging task due to the complex heat transfer process involved in the DSF. In this study, we propose a simple model that aims to simplify the heat transfer calculation involved in the DSF. In this model, a characteristic function of heat transfer coefficient (CFHTC) was proposed for the heat transfer between the inner layer and the outside air, which would otherwise call the complex convective heat transfer in the cavity. We use experimental data to demonstrate that this function can be expressed as a function of the incident solar intensity. This CFHTC is supposed to be dependent on the geometry of the DSF. With the CFHTC, the calculation of the heat transfer between the inner layer of the DSF and the outside air is simplified and can be incorporated in energy simulation tools.

Benchmark Test Cases for Non-Gray Radiative Heat Transfer Calculation using FSK Look-Up Table

Three test cases in the categories of homogeneous non-isothermal, non-homogeneous isothermal and non-homogeneous non-isothermal have been developed to validate the two-dimensional interpolation technique for calculation of non-gray radiative heat flux on the walls of the system. The participating gases H 2 O and CO 2 of different mole fractions and temperatures are considered in different zones of the test cases. HITEMP-2010 database has been used to calculate the absorption coefficients of H 2 O and CO 2 at different mole fractions and temperatures. Further, the random variation of absorption coefficients with spectrum has been reordered in smooth monotonically increasing smooth function using full spectrum k-distribution method (FSK). A look-up table is developed for different mole fractions and temperatures of gases H 2 O and CO 2. The calculation of absorption coefficients at thermodynamic states other than look up table has been performed using two dimensional interpolation techniques. The geometry of test cases have been divided into three zones whose conditions on the first and last zones are same as available in look-up table while interpolation is used for the middle zone. The radiative transfer equation is solved numerically by finite volume discrete ordinate method (FVDOM). The results have been compared with FSK method and have been found that interpolation techniques are giving satisfactory results with extremely less computational resource and time.

A high-performance TE modulator/TM-pass polarizer using selective mode shaping in a VO2-based side-polished fiber

The reversible insulating-to-conducting phase transition (ICPT) of vanadium dioxide (VO2) makes it a versatile candidate for the implementation of integrated optical devices. In this paper, a bi-functional in-line optical device based on a four-layer stack of PMMA/graphene/VO2/graphene deposited on a side-polished fiber (SPF) is proposed. The structure can be employed as an ultra-compact TE modulator or a TM-pass polarizer, operating at 1.55 μm. We show that the ICPT characteristic can be used for polarization-selective mode shaping (PSMS) to manipulate orthogonal modes separately. On the one hand, as an optical modulator, the PSMS is used to modify mode profiles so that the TE mode attenuation is maximized in the off-state (and IL is minimized in the on-state), while the power carried by the TM mode remains unchanged. As a result, a TE modulator with an ultrahigh extinction ratio (ER) of about ER = 165 dB/mm and a very low insertion loss (IL) of IL = 2.3 dB/mm is achieved. On the other hand, the structure can act as a TM-pass polarizer featuring an extremely high polarization extinction ratio (PER) of about PER = 164 dB/mm and a low TM insertion of IL = 3.86 dB/mm. The three-dimensional heat transfer calculation for the ICPT process reveals that the response time of the modulator is in the order of few nanoseconds. Moreover, the required bias voltage of the proposed device is calculated to be as low as 1.1 V. The presented results are promising a key step towards the realization of an integrated high-performance in-line modulator/polarizer.

New Improved Method for Heat Transfer Calculation Inside Rough Pipes

An improved method for heat transfer calculation inside rough tubes is provided. The model has been obtained from a second assessment developed early by the authors on fluid flow in single-phase inside rough tubes. The proposed correlation has been verified by comparison with a total of 1666 experimental available data of 34 different fluids, including air, gases, water and organic liquids. The proposal model covers a validity range for Prandtl number ranging from 0.65 to 4.52?×10?^4, values of Reynolds number from 2.4×?10?^(3 )to 8.32×?10?^6, a range of relative roughness ranging from 5×?10?^(-2 )to 2×?10?^(-6 ), and viscosity ratio from 0.0048 to 181.5. The proposed model provides a good correlation for ?10?^4=Re and Re<?10?^4, with an average error of 18.3% for 70.4% of the data and 16.6% for 74.8% of the data, respectively. The method presents a satisfactory agreement with the experimental data in each interval evaluated; therefore, the model can be considerate accurate enough for practical application. At the present time, in the available technical literature, a method with similar characteristics is unknown.