Automating Wireline Perforation and Frac Plug Set Depths into Wellsite Reporting System Using a Time-Synchronous Digital Platform and IIOT

During plug-and-perf zipper fracturing operations, the capture of incorrect perforation and frac plug depths plagues the future use of this data. Production models currently run on the assumptions of where stage boundaries and perforations should be - not using inputs of where they are. The entry points to the reservoir and stimulation schedule may have left considerable bypassed pay. These models may not require calibration, they simply required accurate data inputs from the onset - or better yet, on-the-fly corrections to access the entire pay zone. A collaborative project started with an operator need to auto-import wireline perforation and frac plug setting depths into an industry recognized wellsite reporting software. The project then revealed itself to be much more – an exercise in ensuring quality depth data from site. This is a game-changing tool for service companies and operators alike. Unique automation capabilities were developed that unified several processes and IIOT data on a completions site.

POSITION OF THE PALEOGENE STAGES BOUNDARIES IN THE SEDIMENTARY SECTION OF PLATFORM UKRAINE: CURRENT STATE, DETERMINATION CRITERIA

Data on the Global Stratotypes Sections and Points of the Paleogene Stages of the modern International Stratigraphic Scale, as well as the criteria for determining the boundaries of the Paleogene Stages in North-Western Europe are presented. The characteristics of the position of the stage boundaries in the sedimentary section of the platform Ukraine are given. In the Paleogene section of Southern Ukraine, the lower boundaries of the Ypresian and Priabonian were recognized by global correlation markers. According to the modern International Stratigraphic Scale, the position of the Lutetian / Bartonian and Rupelian / Chattian boundaries in the sedimentary sections of Southern and Northern Ukraine has been clarified in comparison with previous views. The position of most stage boundaries in the biostratigraphic (zonal) scheme of the Paleogene of Ukraine is more accurately determined. The criteria for identification for some of them in the section of the south and north of Ukraine are proposed. Most of the stage boundaries are represented by hiatus in the sedimentary cover of the platform Ukraine. Part of the boundaries of the Paleogene stages coincides with the boundaries of the regional stratigraphic units of Southern and Northern Ukraine, namely: – the Cretaceous / Paleogene boundary is at the base of the Belokamenskia and Pselian regional stages; – the Paleocene/Eocene boundary coincides with the boundary of the Merlian/Kanevian regional stages; – the Ypresian/Lutetian boundary coincides with the Kanevian/Buchakian regional stages; – the lower boundary of Priabonian is at the base of the Almian and Obukhovian regional stages; – the Eocene/Oligocene boundary passes on the limit of Almian/Planorbellian and Obukhovian/Mezhygorian regional stages; – the Rupelian/Chattian boundary is at the limit of the lower and upper regional substages of Kerleutian regional stage and at the limit of the lower and upper regional substages of the Berekian regional stage. The following stage boundaries are not coinciding with regional stage boundaries: – the Danian/Selandian boundary is within upper part of the Belokamenskian and Pselian regional stages; – the Selandian/Thanetian boundary is trassing in the lower part of the Kachian and Merlian regional stages; – the lower boundary of Ypresian is in the uppermost part of the Kachian regional stage; – the Ypresian/Lutetian boundary is within the Simferopolian regional stage; – the Lutetian/Bartonian boundary is in the lowest part of the Kumian regional stage and within the Kievian regional stage. Key words: International Stratigraphic Chart, Paleogene, stage, boundary, regional stage, Ukraine

Carboniferous ammonoid genozones

Considerable progress has been made by international teams in refining the traditional ammonoid zonation that remains the backbone of Carboniferous stratigraphy. The Carboniferous ammonoid genozones, with a few gaps, are now recognized throughout the entire system in most successions worldwide. Refined collecting and documentation of occurrences in Western Europe, North Africa, the Urals, China, and North America, aimed to establish the first evolutionary occurrences, and facilitated correlation with foraminiferal and conodont scales for most of the Carboniferous. From ten to eleven ammonoid genozones are now recognized in the Mississippian, and eight to nine genozones in the Pennsylvanian. Of these, the established lower boundaries of the subsystems are reasonably well correlated with the ammonoid zonation, whereas correlations with the ratified foraminiferal-based lower boundary of the Viséan and other stage boundaries, currently under discussion, need further research. Future success in the ammonoid geochronology will also depend on accurate identification and re-illustration of the type material, including material described by pioneers of ammonoid biostratigraphy.

Phanerozoic Chronostratigraphy: Top-Down Instead of Bottom-Up Boundary Definitions

The GSSP method defines stage bases, and, where proximate, equates them to the bases of larger chronostratigraphic units. The Phanerozoic and its subdivisions above the stage level thus are only successively larger “pigeonholes” within which to bin stages. This reductionism trivializes chronostratigraphic boundaries larger than stage boundaries. A single set of standard global stages is an unworkable abstraction that should be abandoned because no stage can be correlated globally because of facies changes, taphonomic biases, and/or provincialism. Stratigraphers should return to a top-down chronostratigraphy that defines chronostratigraphic units larger than stages by significant natural events that can be correlated globally.

An analysis of the impacts of Cretaceous oceanic anoxic events on global molluscan diversity dynamics

Oceanic anoxic events (OAEs) are contemporaneous with 11 of the 18 largest Phanerozoic extinction events, but the magnitude and selectivity of their paleoecological impact remains disputed. OAEs are associated with abrupt, rapid warming and increased CO2flux to the atmosphere; thus, insights from this study may clarify the impact of current anthropogenic climate change on the biosphere. We investigated the influence of the Late Cretaceous Bonarelli event (OAE2; Cenomanian/Turonian stage boundary; ~94 Ma) on generic- and species-level molluscan diversity, extinction rates, and ecological turnover. Cenomanian/Turonian results were compared with changes across all Cretaceous stage boundaries, some of which are coincident with less severe OAEs. We found increased generic turnover, but not species-level turnover, associated with several Cretaceous OAEs. The absence of a species-level pattern may reflect species occurrence data that are too temporally coarse to robustly detect patterns. Five hypotheses of ecological selectivity relating anoxia to survivorship were tested across stage boundaries with respect to faunality, mobility, and diet using generalized linear models. Interestingly, benthic taxa were consistently selected against throughout the Cretaceous regardless of the presence or absence of OAEs. These results suggest that: (1) the Cenomanian/Turonian boundary (OAE2) was associated with a decline in molluscan diversity and increase in extinction rate that were significantly more severe than Cretaceous background levels; and (2) no differential ecological selectivity was associated with OAE-related diversity declines among the variables tested here.

The Social Efficiency for Sustainability: European Cooperative Banking Analysis

This paper seeks to establish the relationship between economic efficiency and social efficiency to analyze the sustainability of banking in Europe. The type-effect has been analyzed, as stakeholder value banks—cooperatives and saving banks—should not be less socially and economically efficient than commercial banks. This European analysis was made using the Bankscope database, as it provides a unique insight into the stakeholder view that clarifies, by an analysis of two-stage boundaries, that there is no single model of social and economic efficiency according to the type of financial entity in Europe. These findings contribute to the social cost paradox and shared value perspective, and more broadly to stakeholder theory. It is established that a tradeoff between economic and social efficiency is not needed. There are different behaviors in different European countries. Moreover, our results could lead to the development of social indicators of the sustainability aspects of organizations without resorting to traditional accounting.

Towards better correlation of the Central Paratethys regional time scale with the standard geological time scale of the Miocene Epoch

Depositional sequences originating in semi-enclosed basins with endemic biota, partly or completely isolated from the open ocean, frequently do not allow biostratigraphic correlations with the standard geological time scale (GTS). The Miocene stages of the Central Paratethys represent regional chronostratigraphic units that were defined in type sections mostly on the basis of biostratigraphic criteria. The lack of accurate dating makes correlation within and between basins of this area and at global scales difficult. Although new geochronological estimates increasingly constrain the age of stage boundaries in the Paratethys, such estimates can be misleading if they do not account for diachronous boundaries between lithostratigraphic formations and for forward smearing of first appearances of index species (Signor-Lipps effect), and if they are extrapolated to whole basins. Here, we argue that (1) geochronological estimates of stage boundaries need to be based on sections with high completeness and high sediment accumulation rates, and (2) that the boundaries should preferentially correspond to conditions with sufficient marine connectivity between the Paratethys and the open ocean. The differences between the timing of origination of a given species in the source area and timing of its immigration to the Paratethys basins should be minimized during such intervals. Here, we draw attention to the definition of the Central Paratethys regional time scale, its modifications, and its present-day validity. We suggest that the regional time scale should be adjusted so that stage boundaries reflect local and regional geodynamic processes as well as the opening and closing of marine gateways. The role of eustatic sea level changes and geodynamic processes in determining the gateway formation needs to be rigorously evaluated with geochronological data and spatially-explicit biostratigraphic data so that their effects can be disentangled.