TEXT OF POLICY IN THE BACKGROUND OF CIVILIZATIONAL CONTEXTS AND SUBTEXTS AS A MISSING ELEMENT OF EDUCATIONAL DISCOURSE

Politics feels the steady influence of the civilization factor first of all and mainly because for various reasons the way of its existence prevents the careful selection of optimal articulation, argumentation and rhetorical approaches; instead of this, the civilization factor works not so much within the limits of specific and historical priorities, as in a much longer retrospective and perspective. Unlike politics, for civilization modernity is a minor episode, which becomes meaningful only in the context of some historical continuity and prospects for the future. At the expense of the closest possible association links with the civilization factor, politics tries to legitimize and raise its institutional status and ensure a respectable image. It tries to prove that it also works on the principles of historical continuity, and her argumentatively vulnerable memoranda are not without prospects for the future.

Subcutaneous Magnesium Sulfate to Correct High-Output Ileostomy-Induced Hypomagnesemia

Fluid and magnesium abnormalities are common in patients with high-output stomas. Subcutaneous magnesium administration may be more feasible for long-term management in ambulatory patients, but magnesium sulfate is approved only for intravenous or intramuscular injection. We describe the management of chronic hypomagnesemia and dehydration secondary to a high-output ileostomy following radiation and chemotherapy for anal squamous cell carcinoma with intermittent home-based subcutaneous magnesium infusions in a 61-year-old female with a history of Crohn’s disease and multiple bowel resections. Despite aggressive management with intravenous magnesium sulfate and oral magnesium glucoheptonate over 8 months, 49% of her magnesium concentrations were <0.60 mmol/L (mean 0.61 ± 0.09) necessitating 4 emergency, 1 hospital, and 4 infusion clinic visits. After initiation of subcutaneous magnesium sulfate, all magnesium concentrations were >0.60 mmol/L (mean 0.79 ± 0.08 mmol/L over 9 months). The patient tolerated the infusions well, only developing one minor episode of infusion-related cellulitis. A systematic review of the literature identified 14 reports where subcutaneous magnesium sulfatewas effective and treatment for adults or children with hypomagnesemia was safe. Home-based intermittent administration of subcutaneous magnesium may be a helpful and safe intervention to temporarily prevent and treat select patients with recurrent symptomatic hypomagnesemia.

Wajda, Andrzej (1926--)

Andrezj Wajda is a Polish film and theater director, best known for his politically engaged films exploring Polish history, and his collaboration with the actor Zbigniew Cybulski. In 1940 Wajda’s father was killed by the Soviets in the Katyn Forest massacre. In 1942 he joined the Polish Resistance, fighting in the Army of the Interior, which had ties to the Polish government in exile in London, rather than to the Soviet Union. He would later translate some of his wartime experiences in his highly acclaimed film trilogy, A Generation (1955), Kanał (1957), and Ashes and Diamonds (1958). The heroes of these movies are young and desperate: in A Generation they are communist partisans. In Kanał they are Jewish fighters during the bloody Warsaw Ghetto uprising. The intensity and passion of their struggle stands in stark contrast to the historical hell they are traversing (Kanał’s descent into the Warsaw sewers is shot to resemble a Dantean inferno). Nowhere is this more evident than in the masterful Ashes and Diamonds, which takes place in the immediate aftermath of the war and details a minor episode in the murky struggle for power between the communist partisans and the Army of the Interior.

Incorporating north-western Afghanistan into the British empire: experiments in indirect rule through the making of an imperial frontier, 1884–87

This article analyses the British-led demarcation of Afghanistan's north-western border in the Maimana region between 1884–7. Historians of Afghanistan have largely neglected the Afghan Boundary Commission as a minor episode in Amir Abdur Rahman Khan's process of internal reform and ‘modernisation’. This article nuances these approaches and reconsiders the role of boundary-making as an instrument for building empire at the level of local indigenous political organisation. It argues that the demarcation became an occasion for increasing British interference in Afghan affairs that aimed at establishing embryonic forms of colonial rule along Afghanistan's borderlands. Commissioners sought the collaboration of local intermediaries – Afghan officials and ethnic minorities – in ways that bypassed official relations with the court in Kabul. The Boundary Commission became instrumental in enabling the extension and consolidation of the government of Kabul's authority over previously semi-autonomous areas. In the long term, it became the blueprint for the demarcation of Afghanistan's northern boundaries in Turkestan, Badakhshan and the Pamirs.

Mentor and Constant Friend: the Life of George Francis Fitzgerald (1851–1901)

George Francis Fitzgerald is known to most students of physics for his proposal of the Fitzgerald (-Lorentz) Contraction, but this is a minor episode in a remarkable life. Many of his ideas found expression through others. His powerful influence on the physics of his time has been reconstructed from his correspondence, as leader of the Maxwellians.

Response to the New Nazi Government (1933–1934)

This chapter takes a step back to consider the state of the German Jewry at length after the rise of Adolf Hitler to power in 1933. Rabbi Jehiel Jacob Weinberg, for his part, held a rather hopeful view of the situation that year, going so far as to repeatedly express that the Jews had nothing to fear from the Nazis, and the controversies his optimistic views caused within the German Jewish intellectual community. In the meantime, Hitler was beginning to implement more antisemitic reforms. His banning of the sheḥitah — the Jewish practice of ritually slaughtering meat — in particular shocked the Jewish community. At the same time that discussions about the sheḥitah issue were going on, Weinberg was confronted by plans to transfer the Berlin Rabbinical Seminary to Palestine. Though a minor episode in Weinberg's life, through it the chapter provides further insight into the relationship between east European talmudists and the modern rabbinical seminary.

Factors Influencing Water Split of Pecan Fruit

Water stage fruit split (WS) is an erratic and complex problem often causing major crop losses to susceptible pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch] cultivars. This study identified two episodes of WS for `Wichita' pecan—a highly susceptible cultivar. The previously recognized precipitation-induced fruit splitting is the major episode; however, a previously unrecognized precipitation-independent, minor episode can also occured before the major episode. This minor episode was associated with the low solar irradiance and high relative humidity—conditions commonly associated with August rains. The crop characteristics of affected trees also influenced WS in that WS increased as crop load per tree increased. Fruits were also more likely to exhibit WS if located within the lower tree canopy. Treatment of foliage with an antitranspirant immediately before split-inducing conditions increased WS. Maintenance of moist soils for ≈2 weeks before WS-inducing conditions substantially reduced WS-related crop losses. These findings help to explain the erratic nature of WS and indicate that maintenance of trees in a well-watered state for ≈2 weeks before the initiation of shell hardening may substantially reduce WS-related crop losses in certain years.

Artistic Ideals and Commercial Practices: The Problem of Status for American Illustrators

American illustration occupies an anomalous position in art history. Its proponents celebrate its brief but glorious history, a “Golden Age”, lasting roughly from 1880 to 1930. It is a history with a definite, limited chronology, determined by issues of quality and stylistic development and focused on the achievements of a few individuals. Others, however, regard American illustration as a minor episode in the history of art; many consider it to be beneath consideration as serious art. Yet there has been little analysis of why American illustration is considered so marginal or of why to this day the question of whether illustration is a fine art has not been resolved.