‘Front’ or ‘Straw Men’ Directors: A Missing Element in the Effort to Prevent the Abuse of Companies?

Front or straw men directors are often used to conceal who is really managing companies involved in illicit activities of different kinds. Whereas the EU in recent years has made much headway in the effort to curb the abuse of companies, the EU has done little to address this problem. It is pointed out that such front or straw men directors are in fact a problem and that they can – and has been in several Member States – be addressed in different ways. The article analyses these different approaches and points out their pros and cons.

STE(A)M+: Transforming Higher Education through Collaborative Play

Our world is facing various wicked problems, such as climate change and extinction. These complex problems require an in-depth understanding. STEM disciplines in higher education play a crucial role in preparing students to solve such problems in their career. Yet it can be questioned whether STEM in higher education offers all the elements required to prepare students for a sustainable future. Additionally, a sole focus on STEM fields may not contribute to finding solutions to these problems. With STE(A)M in higher education, we explore what the missing element in higher education is and how higher education can be improved. We addressed this question within the Honours Programme Transdisciplinary Insights of the Institute for the Future at KU Leuven. Within this programme, a team of students, PhD researchers and coaches from various disciplines examined the educational system and explored how students can be better prepared to co-create a more sustainable future. This learning path was supported by reading books about systems thinking, watching documentaries, following co-creative workshops, and engaging in team discussions. In this process, we found that the following four key elements could be given a greater emphasis in education: transdisciplinarity, systems thinking, co-creation, and critical thinking. To promote this, we created a board game that aims to make learning about the importance of these elements engaging. While playing this game, we learned that we can bring students from different dis ciplines together and foster critical thinking and reflec tions. These insights illustrate how creative tools (e.g. board games) can be used in higher education to foster important skills that can prepare students for a sustainable future. Since this game, developed by students for students, is entirely learner-driven, it departs from the current educational system in which knowledge is mainly transferred by professors. An important advantage of such initiatives is that they foster co-creation and learning between students. Our findings have been summarised in a small video.

Kurt Jellinger 90: his contribution to neuroimmunology

This review honors Kurt Jellinger on his 90th birthday as one of the most outstanding neuropathologists, who has contributed immensely to neuroscience due to his vast experience and collection of excellently documented autopsy cases. Two of his many insightful reports are highlighted here. One report focuses on the pathogenesis of inflammatory demyelinating diseases and investigates the neuropathology in autopsy tissue of a patient, who developed an MS-like disease after repeated treatment with lyophilized bovine brain cells in 1958. More than 60 years later, after reinvestigation of the historic samples in 2015 and subsequent mRNA isolation, next generation sequencing and reconstruction of the antibody, we succeeded in identifying myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) as the target antigen and provided the missing element between the pathomechanisms in classic EAE animal models and transfer of this disease process into humans. A second significant example of Kurt Jellinger’s contribution to neuroscience was a report on the role of MS in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD), which found that AD pathology is present to the same extent in demyelinated and non-demyelinated cortical areas in MS and the incidence for AD pathology in elderly MS patients is comparable to the normal-aging population. This indicates that chronic inflammation in the MS cortex alone does not significantly predispose to the development of cortical AD pathology. These and other findings were only possible due to the broad collection of extremely well-defined material established by Kurt Jellinger, which ultimately continues to contribute to translational neuroscience, even decades later.

Prospects of Creating the Reflective Teacher for Continuing Professional Development (CPD)

Teacher self-evaluation is an important dimension in the overall evaluation activities in educational programs. However, this dimension is often overlooked and not given its right share of importance. Teacher self-evaluation is neither included in teacher training programs nor is considered a basic requirement from teachers as they develop in their careers. The significance and value of teacher self-evaluation as a core element in continuing professional development requires that self-evaluation proceed all other forms of evaluation. To support the claim that teacher self-evaluation is a missing element in the area of investigation, the researchers conducted a study which adopted a survey that involved eleven schools and 86 Libyan teachers. The results of the study showed that while many teachers perform some sort of self-reflection about their teaching, they do not recognize self-evaluation as a basic requirement in developing their career. When the effectiveness of teacher self-evaluation was probed in contrast to external evaluation, most teachers agreed that teacher self-evaluation could play a far more vital role in continuing professional development.

Some methodological aspects of personality education

Theoretical and methodological problems of modern education and upbringing arouse deep interest and continue to remain highly relevant at the present time, when the issues of the content of education, the need to search for its qualitative originality and compliance with new learning technologies caused by the pandemic are of particular importance. This article identifies and expands the relationship between philosophical hermeneutics and education, emphasizes that philosophical hermeneutics has everything necessary to determine the goal of education and forms the basis for formulating the main tasks that need to be solved at present time, it is noted in the paper the lack of attention to the research of philosophy of education as a vital missing element in the study and practice of modern education today. The author seeks to represent the humanistic character and philosophical status of knowledge that underlie historical educational practice.

Assessment for learning: The missing element for identifying high potential in low income and minority groups

A major controversy facing the field of gifted education is the underrepresentation of low income, minority, and dual language students. Strategies for addressing this challenge have been to use universal screening and local norms; however, these useful recommendations continue to focus on traditional testing procedures that measure what students already know and overlook other important traits that contribute to high levels of creative productivity. Assessment for learning examines traits such as interests, instructional preference styles, preferred modes of expression, and executive function skills. Although sometimes referred as the “soft skills,” they have gained much more attention on the parts of college admission officers and employers, especially for higher level leadership positions. Instruments that assess these traits are often completed by the students themselves; and technology and artificial intelligence now allow us to administer and analyze them with the same ease used for traditional standardized tests.

Linguistic Analysis of the bioRxiv Preprint Landscape

Preprints allow researchers to make their findings available to the scientific community before they have undergone peer review. Studies on preprints within bioRxiv have been largely focused on article metadata and how often these preprints are downloaded, cited, published, and discussed online. A missing element that has yet to be examined is the language contained within the bioRxiv preprint repository. We sought to compare and contrast linguistic features within bioRxiv preprints to published biomedical text as a whole as this is an excellent opportunity to examine how peer review changes these documents. The most prevalent features that changed appear to be associated with typesetting and mentions of supplementary sections or additional files. In addition to text comparison, we created document embeddings derived from a preprint-trained word2vec model. We found that these embeddings are able to parse out different scientific approaches and concepts, link unannotated preprint-peer reviewed article pairs, and identify journals that publish linguistically similar papers to a given preprint. We also used these embeddings to examine factors associated with the time elapsed between the posting of a first preprint and the appearance of a peer reviewed publication. We found that preprints with more versions posted and more textual changes took longer to publish. Lastly, we constructed a web application (https://greenelab.github.io/preprint-similarity-search/) that allows users to identify which journals and articles that are most linguistically similar to a bioRxiv or medRxiv preprint as well as observe where the preprint would be positioned within a published article landscape.

An end-user evaluation to analyze the effectiveness of cartograms for mapping relative non-motorized accessibility

Relative accessibility is a widely studied approach that recognizes access to major locations as subjective and shaped by individual circumstances (e.g., individual preferences, habits, and cultural norms). One missing element in the knowledge base is how relative accessibility can be effectively mapped for decision-making. To fill the research gap, this paper evaluates whether cartograms are an appropriate tool for mapping relative accessibility, taking the city of Zaragoza, Spain as a case study. The research design included three phases: (i) elaboration of grid-based maps on relative non-motorized accessibility; (ii) elaboration of cartograms on relative non-motorized accessibility; (iii) an end-user evaluation with 30 local practitioners to analyze the effectiveness of cartograms to map relative accessibility compared to grid-based maps. Participants signaled that diffusion-based cartograms could be complementary to grid-based maps, providing better visualization of spatial dissimilarity patterns of accessibility between population groups. However, participants noted greater difficulty in identifying Dorling cartograms as an effective technique for mapping relative accessibility. The paper closes with a review of the strengths and weaknesses of the potential application of these visualization techniques in the field of accessibility planning.