University-Based Adaptive Sport Camps as a Model for Engaging Injured Military Veterans in Community Development

As more veterans return home from active duty with injuries or retire with disabilities and seek to reintegrate into the community, adaptive sport programming is an important recreational opportunity. Specifically, improved quality of life, more fluid community reintegration, positive psychosocial outcomes, and overall improved health are all stated benefits of participation in adaptive sport programs for individuals with disabilities. This program engaged veterans or members of the armed forces with disabilities in a unique university-based adaptive soccer camp experience with three main goals in mind: (1) to expose the veterans to the adaptive soccer sports of CP/TBI soccer and blind soccer, (2) to provide U.S. Soccer grassroots coach certification, (3) and to identify talent for the U.S. Soccer Paralympic National Team. In addition to facilitating this experience for veterans, we evaluated the camp program based on three main research questions: (1) How do injured military veterans and professionals serving veterans with disabilities evaluate satisfaction in an importance by performance analysis? (2) To what extent is a university-based VA Adaptive Sport Camp a promising setting for learning soccer related skills? and (3) What do injured military veterans and professionals serving veterans with disabilities identify as barriers to participation? Evaluation findings indicated that veterans wanted more information about coaching, the students, and additional community opportunities and were not concerned about the accommodations or food choices at camp, further highlighting the importance of the adaptive sport nature of the program itself. Veterans identified several camp elements that worked well in a university-based setting such as student interaction, scheduling, and balance between being a participant and learning coaching skills and would encourage other colleagues to attend in the future. Finally, participants identified perceived barriers to future participation were based largely on travel distance and costs. Subsequently, the programmers have sought to provide more programs around the country with partner agencies and in so doing, reduce travel time and costs. Overall, this programming model has significant promise for growth and has already provided results consistent with positive community reintegration and increased veteran participation in soccer-related activities, which can pave the pathway for more in-depth program analysis.

Pengembangan Kawasan Wisata Bahari Tanjung Kelayang Dengan Pendekatan Recreational Opportunity Spectrum

ROS is a framework for identifying places of interest. In ROS there are three criteria that are the parameters of experience, environment, location and examples of activities. The measurements of the ROS parameters yield 5 classes ranging from Easily Accessible to Remote Area. . The problem found was tourism marine activities from diving, snorkeling and intentional fishing affecting the quality and the ecosystem existence. This study will review the recreational zone which is not contrary to the principles of marine area management. It is expected that the identification of zoning in the form of marine tourism spectrum classes beside tourism activitie plan using parameters in ROS will make the ​​Tanjung Kelayang area becoming a tourist area not only attracts tourists but also becoming more sustainable. This research uses a descriptive method with qualitative approach (1) describes the potential of Tanjung Kelayang marine tourism area based on Main Attraction, Depth and Air, Latitude and Access. Then after that (2) an analysis with ROS resulted in the classification of ROS Tanjung Kelayang class. Next (3) The ROS classification results will be drawn in the form of GIS with the help of Arc application. GIS and Arc. Map. Based on the results of the study, it was found that Tanjung Kelayang area was included in class 1 or was easily accessible, quite affordable and comfortable, and the quality of DTW was comfortable and well

The determination of park fees in support of benefit sharing in Southern Africa

Sharing conservation revenue with communities surrounding parks could demonstrate the link between ecotourism and local communities’ economic development, promote a positive view of land restitution involving parks, help address skewed distribution of income in the vicinity of parks and act as an incentive for local communities to participate in conservation even more. This article estimates the visitation demand function for Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park (KTP) in order to determine the appropriate conservation fee to charge visitors to maximize park revenue. The data were generated from contingent behaviour experiments on South African residents at KTP and three other parks deemed as either substitutes or complements for visitors to KTP. Our results suggest that there is sheer underselling of the recreational opportunity at KTP, which implies that there is room for generating extra revenue to support benefit sharing arrangements with the local communities. The conservation fees at KTP can increase by as much as 115%, thereby almost doubling current revenue after accounting for the drop in visitation which will be triggered by the increase.

Zoneamento turístico em Áreas Naturais Protegidas: um diálogo entre conservação, oferta de atrativos e perfil da demanda ecoturística

As Áreas Naturais Protegidas (ANP´s) apresentam vocações singulares para a prática do ecoturismo, suscitando a dialética entre as funções intrínsecas e utilitárias destes territórios e revelando preocupações com a conservação do acervo biótico e abiótico e com a sensibilidade do tecido social local. Em função dos impactos negativos provocados pelo turismo e a necessidade de estabelecer instrumentos que viabilizem na prática as premissas da sustentabilidade, advoga-se uma maior relevância quanto à aplicação de modelos de gestão do turismo em ANP’s. Neste sentido, o presente artigo realiza uma abordagem que aproxima a oferta de atrativos das ANP´s com diferentes perfis da demanda ecoturística, com o objetivo de apresentar uma proposta de Zoneamento turístico, tendo como estudo de caso o Parque Nacional da Serra de Itabaiana (PARNASI) no estado de Sergipe. Para tanto, utilizou-se uma metodologia de estudo descritivo, mediante a coleta de dados por entrevista e observação direta, além de pesquisa documental. A literatura apresenta diversas tipologias de perfis de ecoturistas e neste trabalho serão detalhados os estudos de Fernie que classificam a demanda ecoturística em Eco-Especialistas, Eco-Intermediários e Eco-Generalistas. Para estabelecer a correlação entre as atividades preferenciais destes perfis e Zoneamento turístico, foi utilizado o modelo ROS (Recreational Opportunity Spectrum). Encontram-se no PARNASI um conjunto de atrativos e infraestruturas, em Zonas específicas, que podem ser direcionados para perfis específicos como o Eco-Generalista, Eco-Intermediário e o Eco-Especialista e suas respectivas motivações para distintas atividades como picnics, contemplação, educação ambiental, caminhadas, esportes radicais, etc. Os resultados mostram o contributo potencial das estratégias de Zoneamento turístico para a conservação e melhoria da experiência turística, através da conciliação entre o perfil do ecoturista e a oferta de atrativos naturais das ANP´s. ABSTRACT The Protected Natural Areas (PNA's) have singular vocation for ecotourism, highlighting the dialectic between intrinsic and utilitarian functions of these territories and revealing concerns about the conservation of the biotic and abiotic collection in addition to the sensibilities associated to the social tissue from the autochthonous communities. Due to the negative impacts caused by tourism and the need for tools that put in practice the premises of sustainability, it´s important to defend a greatest relevance about the application of management models for tourism in PNA`s. In this sense, this paper develops an approach that converge the attractive offer from PNA`s with different profiles of ecotourism demand, with the aim to present a proposed tourist Zoning, as a case study with the National Park Serra de Itabaiana (PARNASI) in the state of Sergipe. For this purpose, we used a descriptive study methodology, data collection through interviews and direct observation, and also documentary research. The literature presents various types of ecotourist profiles and this work will detail the Fernie`s studies which ranks ecotourism demand in Eco-Experts, Eco-intermediates and Eco-generalists. To establish the correlation between the preferred activities of these profiles and tourist Zoning, it was used the Recreational Opportunity Spectrum (ROS). It´s found at PARNASI a set of attractive and infrastructure in specific areas, which can be targeted to specific profiles such as Eco-Generalist, Eco-Intermediate and Eco-Expert and their motivations for different activities as picnics, contemplation, environmental education, treckings, sports, etc. The results show the potential contribution of tourism Zoning strategies for the conservation and improvement of the tourism experience, through conciliation between the profile of the ecotourist demand with the supply of natural attractions of the NPA. Keywords: Protected Natural Areas; Tourist Zoning; Ecotourist demand profile

ZONEAMENTO TURÍSTICO EM ÁREAS NATURAIS PROTEGIDAS: UM DIÁLOGO ENTRE CONSERVAÇÃO, OFERTA DE ATRATIVOS E PERFIL DA DEMANDA ECOTURÍSTICA.

As Áreas Naturais Protegidas (ANP´s) apresentam vocações singulares para a prática do ecoturismo, suscitando a dialética entre as funções intrínseca e utilitária destes territórios e revelando preocupações com a conservação do acervo biótico e abiótico e com a sensibilidade do tecido social local. Em função dos impactos negativos provocados pelo turismo e a necessidade de estabelecer instrumentos que viabilizem na prática as premissas da sustentabilidade, advoga-se uma maior relevância quanto à aplicação de modelos de gestão do turismo em ANP’s. Neste sentido, o presente artigo realiza uma abordagem que aproxima a oferta de atrativos das ANP´s com diferentes perfis da demanda ecoturística, com o objetivo de apresentar uma proposta de Zoneamento turístico, tendo como estudo de caso o Parque Nacional da Serra de Itabaiana (PARNASI) no estado de Sergipe. Para tanto, utilizou-se uma metodologia de estudo descritivo, mediante a coleta de dados por entrevista e observação direta, além de pesquisa documental. A literatura apresenta diversas tipologias de perfis de ecoturistas e neste trabalho serão detalhados os estudos de Fernie que classifica a demanda ecoturística em Eco-Especialistas, Eco-Intermediários e Eco-Generalistas. Para estabelecer a correlação entre as atividades preferenciais destes perfis e Zoneamento turístico, foi utilizado o modelo ROS (Recreational Opportunity Spectrum). Os resultados mostram o contributo potencial das estratégias de Zoneamento turístico para a conservação e melhoria da experiência turística, através da conciliação entre o perfil do ecoturista e a oferta de atrativos naturais das ANP´s. Assim, este estudo revelou a existência de infraestruturas e facilidades, a exemplo do acesso principal ao PARNASI; da trilha para a cachoeira do Poço das Moças e do Centro Administrativo, os quais atendem às necessidades do perfil “Eco-generalista” e configuram o Zoneamento “Recreativo Intensivo” do modelo ROS. De modo semelhante, o PARNASI apresenta um conjunto de trilhas de longo curso ou de difícil acesso que atendem às motivações do perfil “Eco-Especialista”, destacando-se a zona da trilha do Caldeirão, que conduz o turista às cachoeiras do Caldeirão, da Árvore e do Cipó e prossegue até o ‘Topo da Serra”. Neste percurso, o turista conhece a flora diversificada do PARNASI, sua avifauna e formações geológicas singulares, ou seja, zonas com ecossistemas de valores inestimáveis próprias do Zoneamento Natural Intensivo do ROS. As Trilhas da Via Sacra e do Véu de Noivas, por sua vez, atendem ao perfil “Eco-intermediário” em função do baixo grau de dificuldade para percorrê-las, representando uma zona do tipo Natural Intensivo. Conclui-se que a gestão do ecoturismo, apoiado em estratégias de Zoneamento turístico, representa um caminho para o alcance dos objetivos da sustentabilidade do turismo em ANP’s, mediante a segmentação e aproximação do potencial da oferta turística destes territórios com as motivações dos diferentes perfis de demanda ecoturística, devendo, portanto, ser estabelecida uma gestão dos fluxos turísticos de modo a direcionar cada perfil da demanda para as Zonas turísticas da ANP que mais se adéquam a cada perfil. Palavras-Chave: Áreas Naturais Protegidas; Zoneamento Turístico; Demanda Ecoturística.

The Access to Mountains Act 1939: An Essay in Compromise

The Access to Mountains Act of 1939 has been ridiculed for the most part as a capitulation to landed interests. Closer reconstruction of the circumstances in which such a legislative attempt was made to extend the public recreational-use of uncultivated countryside emphasises the severe limitations of a Private Members’ Bill. Even greater skills were called for in securing sufficient consensus among the various parliamentary lobbies to convince ministers that there was sufficient accord to merit the use of legislative time and resources to expedite enactment. The Act's achievement was to ratchet forward both ramblers’ expectations and a greater preparedness on the part of landed interests to provide the recreational opportunity anticipated by a post-war, largely urban population.