Realized Multi-Power Variation Process for Jump Detection in the Nigerian All Share Index

In this paper, we studied the particular cases of higher-order realized multipower variation process, their asymptotic properties comprising the probability limits and limit distributions were highlighted. The respective asymptotic variances of the limit distributions were obtained and jump detection models were developed from the asymptotic results. The models were obtained from the particular cases of the higher-order of the realized multipower variation process, in a class of continuous stochastic volatility semimartingale process. These are extensions of the method of jump detection by Barndorff-Nielsen and Shephard (2006), for large discrete data. An Empirical Application of the models to the Nigerian All Share Index (NASI) data shows that the models are robust to jumps and suggest that stochastic models with added jump components will give a better representation of the NASI price process.

Handel’s Transformative Compositional Practices

In recent decades singers of Handel’s music have made great strides in recapturing the art of embellishing his music, thus breathing new life into forms such as the da capo aria. Yet Handel’s own “variations”—his development and transformation of musical material in his vocal music, important for understanding his compositional practice with borrowed as well as (presumably) original music—are not yet fully explored or appreciated. Admittedly, scholars have discussed musical procedures such as inserting, deleting, and reordering musical materials, as well as other Baroque combinatorial practices in Handel’s arias, but the musical transformations I discuss here are closer to a specifically Handelian brand of developing variation. To my knowledge, the concept of developing variation has never before been applied to early eighteenth-century music. I explore the relation of developing variation to drama (also rarely done) in two of Handel’s arias, providing a close examination of “Ombre, piante” from the opera Rodelinda and new thoughts about “Lament not thus,” originally intended for the oratorio Belshazzar. Although these arias belong to different genres and different stages of Handel’s career, they both exhibit material that undergoes a kind of progressive variation process that has tangible musical and dramatic ramifications, of interest to opera specialists and performers. Furthermore, both arias have a complicated compositional history; I offer fresh insights into the aesthetic qualities of each version, thereby throwing light on Handel’s possible compositional intentions. This article also discloses for the first time some recurring musical passages shared between “Lament not thus” and other pieces that could influence the listener’s interpretation of certain musico-dramatic gestures.

The rules of temporal and spatial migration of Cd content

According to the survey dataset on the waters of Jiaozhou Bay from 1984 to 1988, this paper discusses the data of Cd content each year. From the perspectives of content size, horizontal distribution, vertical distribution, seasonal distribution, regional distribution, structural distribution and tendency distribution, it studies the source, water quality, distribution and migration conditions of Cd content in the waters of Jiaozhou Bay. On the scale of space, 21 migration rules have been gotten during the spatial and temporal variation process of Cd content in the waters of Jiaozhou Bay.

Evolution Without Variation and Selection

A central tenet of evolutionary theory is that it requires variation upon which selection can act. We describe a means of attaining cumulative, adaptive, open-ended change that requires neither variation nor selective exclusion, and that can occur in the absence of generations (i.e., no explicit birth or death). This second evolutionary process occurs through the assimilation, restructuring, and extrusion of products into the environment by identical, interacting Reflexively Autocatalytic and Food set-generated (RAF) networks. We refer to this more primitive process evolutionary process as Self–Other Reorganisation because it involves internal self-organising and self-maintaining processes within entities, as well as interaction between entities. Since there is no self-assembly code, it is more haphazard than natural selection, and there is no discarding of acquired traits (a signature characteristic of natural selection). In the extreme, it can work with just one entity but it differs from learning because it can operate in groups of entities, and produce adaptive change across generations. We suggest that this more primitive process is operative during the initial stage of an evolutionary process, and that it is responsible for both the origin and early evolution of both organic life, and human culture. In cultural evolution, this ‘evolution without variation’ process can increase homogeneity amongst members of a group and thereby foster group identity and cohesion.

The Monthly Variation Process of Water Temperature in Jiaozhou Bay

According to the investigation materials in the water field of Jiaozhou Bay from May to October 1980, this paper studies the water temperature of Jiaozhou Bay and the monthly variation. The results show that in each monthfrom May to October, the water temperature varies from 10.80 to 26.53 °C in the waters of Jiaozhou Bay, and the interval length of water temperature is 15.73 °C. This paper determines the changing curve of the high or low value of the water temperature ateach month and establishes the corresponding simulation equation.The high water temperature reaches a maximum of 26.53 °C in August, and the low water temperature reaches a maximum of 24.69 °C in August. In the water bodies of Jiaozhou Bay, the high or low water temperature both reaches its highest value in August. In June, the increasing rate of peak value in water temperature is the fastest, and the increasing rate of low value in water temperature is relatively fast. In October, the decreasing rate of the peak water temperature is relatively fast, and decreasing rateof the lowest value in water temperature is the fastest. From May to August, the high (low) water temperature is on the rise in Jiaozhou Bay. The high water temperature appears in the western waters of the top of bay and the western waters inside of bay mouth. The low water temperature appears in the eastern and southern waters outside of bay mouth. In September and October, the high (low) water temperature in the Jiaozhou Bay water bodies is decreasing. The high water temperature appears in the eastern and southern waters outside of bay mouth, and the low water temperature appears in the western waters of the bayhead.