Article Research Differentiation Between Typhoid and Typhus Fever Infection and Coinfection with Limited Resources in Iraq

Enteric fever is caused by the Gram-negative bacilli Salmonella typhi and paratyphi, which have similar signs and symptoms to typhus and rickettsial illness. Both typhoid fever and rickettsia typhus, whether endemic or epidemic, have similar presentations, making it difficult to distinguish between the two diseases. As a result, co-infection of typhoid and typhus fever can be ignored if not recognized clinically. Serum was collected from 182 patients from the Suweib and fourth shurta areas who had a temperature of more than 38°C and two or more signs and symptoms of typhoid and typhus, such as headache lasting more than a week, rash, myalgia, arthralgia, and bleeding. Started with widal test slide method All result results confirmed by tube method Same samples investigated for typhus infection by weil-felix tests. Data entered to analyzed by SPSS program. the results were appeared of the 182 patients tested, 58 (18%) yielded results suggested that rickettsial infections or typhoid were the most likely because of their illnesses. patients’ age ranged from 8 to 75 years with mean age 29.10 years. The majority were female and mainly student (41.4%) and housewife (25.9%) by age and sex for the 58 patients for whom data were recorded. Age groups did not differ significantly (p > 0.5). The frequency of disease was 69% in female patients and 31% in male patients (p < 0.005). Finally, can Concluded Both widal and weil-felix test should done specially if no responses to typhoid treatment and depend on trial therapy by adding doxycycline in case that more sensitive and accurate tests are not available.

Specimen Thickness Dependency of Energy Release Rate of a Gelatin Hydrogel and Glass Substrate Interface

Soft solids, such as rubbers, elastomers, and gels, are the important polymeric materials. A better understanding of their interfacial properties such as friction and adhesion is critical for variety of technological applications. Motivated by the experimental observation that interfacial properties can be modified even without changing the content of a soft solid, the effect of specimen thickness on the energy release rate (G) of a soft gelatin hydrogel is investigated in direct shear test. Slide-hold-slide (SHS) experiments have shown that shear strength decreases, while corresponding crack length increases, with increase in thickness of gel specimens. However, G at static, dynamic and residual strengths increase with specimen thickness. At the end, these observations are explained in light of mixed mode I/II fracture and shear rate effects at the sliding interface.

Optimization and the Evaluation of Confocal System Performance to Quantify Fluorescence

The laser scanning confocal microscope (LSCM) has enormous potential in many fields of biology. Quality assurance is essential for the equipment to function correctly and realize its fullest potential. Currently the assessment of a confocal microscope’s performance is subjective primarily by evaluating the system with a specific test slide provided by the user. To achieve better performance, it is necessary to run a series of validation tests. These tests that were applied to measure field illumination, lens, clarity, dichroic functioning, objective spectral alignment, axial resolution, laser power and stability, photomultiplier tube (PMT) functioning, and system noise. Although th?se tests were derived on a Leica TCS-SP system and Leica TCD4D system, they should be applicable to other manufacturers’ systems.For optimal images, it is important to control the variables of laser power, PMT tube voltage, averaging, and bleaching. The relationship between PMT voltage, laser power, and averaging was determined using a Spherotech Rainbow 10 μm diameter test bead. It was demonstrated that the noise (coefficient of variation of bead intensity, CV) in an image greatly increases as the PMT increases. The system variables that affected the precision and accuracy of the confocal system will be discussed.

Recognition of Form and of Orientation by Poor and Normal Readers

Poor and normal readers were tested on two visual recognition tasks (N = 34). In both tasks, subjects were shown a random-dot pattern as a standard stimulus on each trial. After a 0.5-sec. or a 15-sec. interval (i.e., ‘perceptual’ versus ‘memory’ delay conditions), subjects were shown four patterns on a test slide and required to identify the one resembling the standard. This comparison was based on form identity in Task I and on form orientation in Task II. Recognition by poor and normal readers did not differ at at either delay on Task I or at the 0.5-sec. delay on Task II. No evidence of a generalized perceptual deficit among dyslexics was obtained. In general accordance with the theory of Corballis (1974), poor readers performed significantly worse than normals at the 15-sec. delay on Task II, indicating defective memory for orientation. More specific predictions of Corballis's theory were not borne out, however, with regard to the frequency of different types of error. Furthermore, up-down (rather than left-right) rotation errors appeared to be a better predictor of dyslexics' reading performance.

Counterimmunoelectrophoresis of staphylococcal antibody

Modifications of the staphylococcal counterimmunoelectrophoresis technique were evaluated to determine how variations in the procedure affected results. Neither a buffer pH range of 7.8 to 9.0 nor buffer molarity of 0.015 or 0.025 when tested in combinations caused appreciable differences. However, use of different agar preparations or delay in addition of antigen to the test slide altered the location of the precipitin band. Agarose was found to be more sensitive in determining the serum precipitin titer and provided a better photographic record than either Ionagar or Noble agar.