THE LABOR INSPECTOR SEARCHING FOR …GODOT: UNDECLARED DISTANCE WORK

Undeclared labor has become an increasingly present phenomenon nowadays. Due to the pandemic context, there has been a transition towards working from home or under telework regime. These particular forms of individual labor contracts allow for greater flexibility in terms of the place where a natural person works but, on the downside, they allow the parties to disguise the agreement or to avoid fulfilling the formalities imposed by the Law, such as concluding the contract in a written form and registering its elements in the General Record of Employees. In light of the aforementioned, we aim to identify if the labor inspectors have effective means of identifying the cases of undeclared labor when natural persons are working remotely. Through this paper, in the first section, we discuss the legal background both at the national as well as at the international level, in order to shed light on the concept of undeclared work. The following two sections will be dedicated to analysing if the inspection has any perspective of being an effective mean of identifying the situations of undeclared labor. Finally, several directions of action are contoured – as de lege ferenda proposals – so as to tackle the issue of undeclared work.

Introduction

This chapter describes the background to the Israeli occupation of the West Bank and Gaza in 1967, and changes that have taken place in these territories since then. It provides a profile of the Israeli Supreme Court—its composition, function, and record; and discusses factors that affect its role in reviewing petitions from Palestinian residents of the Occupied Territories, including the Court’s public image, its position in the Israeli political system, and its general record in matters relating to judicial review of government action. The chapter concludes by reviewing changes in the actual regime in the Occupied Territories that question its characterisation as a regime of belligerent occupation.

Pen, print and communication in the eighteenth century

Pen, print and communication in the eighteenth century is a volume of fourteen essays each of which explores the production, distribution and consumption of both private and public texts during the Enlightenment from a variety of historical, theoretical and critical perspectives. During the eighteenth century there was a growing interest in recording, listing and documenting the world, whether for personal interest and private consumption, or general record and the greater good. Such documentation was done through both the written and printed word. Each genre had its own material conventions and spawned industries which supported these practices. This volume considers writing and printing in parallel: it highlights the intersections between the two methods of communication; discusses the medium and materiality of the message; considers how writing and printing were deployed in the construction of personal and cultural identities; and explores the different dimensions surrounding the production, distribution and consumption of private and public letters, words and texts during the eighteenth-century. In combination the chapters in this volume consider how the processes of both writing and printing contributed to the creation of cultural identity and taste, assisted in the spread of knowledge and furthered bother personal, political, economic, social and cultural change in Britain and the wider-world. This volume provides and original narrative on the nature of communication and brings a fresh perspective on printing history, print culture and the literate society of the Enlightenment.

A quasi-annual record of time-transgressive esker formation: implications for ice-sheet reconstruction and subglacial hydrology

We identify and map chains of esker beads (series of aligned mounds) up to 15 m high and on average ∼ 65 m wide in central Nunavut, Canada, from the high-resolution (2 m) ArcticDEM. Based on the close 1 : 1 association with regularly spaced, sharp-crested ridges interpreted as De Geer moraines, we interpret the esker beads to be quasi-annual ice-marginal deposits formed time-transgressively at the mouth of subglacial conduits during deglaciation. Esker beads therefore preserve a high-resolution record of ice-margin retreat and subglacial hydrology. The well-organised beaded esker network implies that subglacial channelised drainage was relatively fixed in space and through time. Downstream esker bead spacing constrains the typical pace of deglaciation in central Nunavut between 8.1 and 6.8 cal kyr BP to 165–370 m yr−1, although with short periods of more rapid retreat (> 400 m yr−1). Under our time-transgressive interpretation, the lateral spacing of the observed eskers provides a true measure of subglacial conduit spacing for testing mathematical models of subglacial hydrology. Esker beads also record the volume of sediment deposited from conduits in each melt season, thus providing a minimum bound on annual sediment fluxes, which is in the range of 103–104 m3 yr−1 in each 6–10 km wide subglacial conduit catchment. We suggest that the prevalence of esker beads across this predominantly marine-terminating sector of the Laurentide Ice Sheet is a result of sediment fluxes that were unable to backfill conduits at a rate faster than ice-margin retreat. Conversely, we hypothesise that esker ridges form when sediment backfilling of the subglacial conduit outpaced retreat, resulting in headward esker growth close to but behind the margin. The implication, in accordance with recent modelling results, is that eskers in general record a composite signature of ice-marginal drainage rather than a temporal snapshot of ice-sheet-wide subglacial drainage.

A quasi-annual record of time-transgressive esker formation: implications for ice sheet reconstruction and subglacial hydrology

We identify and map chains of esker beads (series of aligned mounds) up to 15 m high and on average ~ 65 m wide across central Nunavut, Canada from the high-resolution (2 m) ArcticDEM. Based on the close one-to-one association with regularly spaced, sharp crested ridges interpreted as De Geer moraines, we interpret the esker beads to be quasi-annual ice-marginal deposits formed time-transgressively at the mouth of subglacial conduits during deglaciation. Esker beads therefore preserve a high-resolution record of ice-margin retreat and subglacial hydrology. The well-organised beaded esker network implies that subglacial channelised drainage was relatively fixed in space and through time. Downstream esker bead spacing constrains the typical pace of deglaciation in central Nunavut between 7.2 and 6 ka 14C BP to 165–370 m yr−1, although with short periods of more rapid retreat (> 400 m yr−1). Under our time-transgressive interpretation, the lateral spacing of the observed eskers provides a true measure of subglacial conduit spacing for testing mathematical models of subglacial hydrology. Esker beads also record the volume of sediment deposited in each melt season, thus providing a minimum bound on annual sediment fluxes, which is in the range of 103–104 m3 yr−1 in each 6–10 km wide subglacial conduit catchment. We suggest the prevalence of esker beads across this predominantly marine terminating sector of the former Laurentide Ice Sheet is a result of sediment fluxes that were unable to backfill conduits at a rate faster than ice-margin retreat. Esker ridges, conversely, are hypothesised to form when sediment backfilling of the subglacial conduit outpaced retreat resulting in headward esker growth close to but behind the margin. The implication, in accordance with recent modelling results, is that eskers in general record a composite signature of ice-marginal drainage rather than a temporal snapshot of ice-sheet wide subglacial drainage.

Mining Lifecycle Event Logs for Enhancing Service-Based Applications

Service-Oriented Architectures (SOAs), and traditional enterprise systems in general, record a variety of events (e.g., messages being sent and received between service components) to proper log files, i.e., event logs. These files constitute a huge and valuable source of knowledge that may be extracted through data mining techniques. To this end, process mining is increasingly gaining interest across the SOA community. The goal of process mining is to build models without a priori knowledge, i.e., to discover structured process models derived from specific patterns that are present in actual traces of service executions recorded in event logs. However, in this work, the authors focus on detecting frequent sequential patterns, thus considering process mining as a specific instance of the more general sequential pattern mining problem. Furthermore, they apply two sequential pattern mining algorithms to a real event log provided by the Vienna Runtime Environment for Service-oriented Computing, i.e., VRESCo. The obtained results show that the authors are able to find services that are frequently invoked together within the same sequence. Such knowledge could be useful at design-time, when service-based application developers could be provided with service recommendation tools that are able to predict and thus to suggest next services that should be included in the current service composition.

Mining Lifecycle Event Logs for Enhancing Service-based Applications

Service-Oriented Architectures (SOAs), and traditional enterprise systems in general, record a variety of events (e.g., messages being sent and received between service components) to proper log files, i.e., event logs. These files constitute a huge and valuable source of knowledge that may be extracted through data mining techniques. To this end, process mining is increasingly gaining interest across the SOA community. The goal of process mining is to build models without a priori knowledge, i.e., to discover structured process models derived from specific patterns that are present in actual traces of service executions recorded in event logs. However, in this work, the authors focus on detecting frequent sequential patterns, thus considering process mining as a specific instance of the more general sequential pattern mining problem. Furthermore, they apply two sequential pattern mining algorithms to a real event log provided by the Vienna Runtime Environment for Service-oriented Computing, i.e., VRESCo. The obtained results show that the authors are able to find services that are frequently invoked together within the same sequence. Such knowledge could be useful at design-time, when service-based application developers could be provided with service recommendation tools that are able to predict and thus to suggest next services that should be included in the current service composition.

179 EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT AND EXPERIMENT OUTCOME CAN BE COMPROMISED WITHOUT APPROPRIATE QUALITY CONTROL

The overall success of any embryology laboratory depends on its ability to maintain consistency from week to week. Quality control practices not only minimize variation within an experiment and increase cost effectiveness, but also make running the lab easier from day to day. From the media and oil overlay to the quality of culture ware, many factors impact the success of a laboratory. By screening contact supplies before they are used in an experiment, an additional variable may be removed. One way of screening contact supplies is to use a 1-cell mouse embryo assay (MEA). The aim of this study was to first identify a quality source of oil overlay and then examine the quality of plastic ware over the course of one year in an attempt to identify variables that are most often toxic to embryos. One-cell mouse embryos (C57BL/6 � CBA/Ca) were used to screen 10 lots of oil from 5 suppliers (n = 70 embryos per oil over 7 replicates). After safe oil was identified, contact supplies including filters, dishes, tubes, and bottles were tested (n = 30 embryos per assay over 3 replicates). Supplies were first soaked with a simple medium lacking amino acids, EDTA, and protein. The duration of medium exposure to contact supplies was the same as their intended use, i.e. bottles stored media for a week before testing. This medium was then used to make culture drops under safe oil. Embryos were grown for 5 days in the simple medium, and development was assessed at 78 and 96 h. Embryos that reached 50% early blastocyst development on Day 4 and 80% expanded blastocyst development on Day 5 were stained and total cell numbers assessed. Items whose embryos did not reach the developmental cut-off values on Day 4 or 5 failed the assay. Blastocyst cell numbers were compared to a known control, and those items that were significantly different failed the assay. Five out of 10 lots of oil failed; four of the lots were from the same supplier. In this assay, such oils failed each replicate. Of 94 contact supplies, 17 (18%) failed the MEA. There was no pattern for products that failed more often than another, i.e. filters did not fail more often than dishes or bottles. However, a general trend was identified for one supplier of oil, as this source appeared to have more toxic lots than those of other suppliers. Using a safe oil source is first priority in an embryology laboratory. There appears to be no way to predict toxicity of plastic ware, so all contact supplies must be either screened before use or introduced into a laboratory one at a time. General record keeping of lot numbers should make it easier to pinpoint potential problems with toxic plastic ware when they arise. The impact of this study is that without quality control in a laboratory, research studies can be compromised. This work was supported by Vitrolife.