The British Fertiliser Manufacturers’ Association: Struggle for Survival 1870‒1930

Most firms in the British fertiliser industry of the 19th century were small and combined other activities, such as seed merchants, millers, manufacturers of sulphuric acid and in one case explosives. In the heyday of high farming there was almost no co-operation and no attempt to achieve economy of scale through merger and amalgamation. In 1875 just before the onset of the depression the Chemical Manure Manufacturers’ Association was formed to fix prices and address the challenges posed by proposed Government regulation of what was after all a noxious industry. This story mirrors much of British industry, where implicit (price-fixing) cartels failed and individual firms rejected collaboration in favour of what seems an irrational commitment to a free market ideology that was transparently misplaced.

PEMBERIAN BEBERAPA JENIS PUPUK ORGANIK DAN KEUNTUNGAN EKONOMI PADA BUDIDAYA PADI SAWAH DI KABUPATEN PIDIE

The objectives of this study is to analysis the affectivities and rate of efficiencies of using organic fertilizer in rice cultivation. The research treatment was implemented atlowland rice ofMali Guyui village, Subdistrict of Sakti, Pidie District Province of Aceh. Study started in May to September 2018 had executed at irrigation rice field farm property of farmer with the treatment formation: (1) Manure, (2) Straw compost and (3) Treatment of farmer. The result of study showed that the highest grain yield was obtained at higher straw compost treatment of 800 kg/ha (11.11%) compared with the pattern of the farmers, and 640 kg/ha (8.69%) compared with manure treatment. The result of economic analysis showed that the level of benefits obtained by treatment of hay is higher IDR 580,600,- (7.42%) compared with the treatment of farmers with their conventional manures and the application of hay also bring the higher benefits IDR 1,582,480,- (23.19%) compared with chemical manure treatment. Key words :Rice, organic fertilizer, economic benefit

Effect of Mulching, Manures and chemical fertilizers on anatomical characters of (Solanum tuberosum L.) potato plants

Anatomy studies were carried out in the experimental field, College of Agriculture, University of Baghdad to have better understanding of the influence of mulching with black polyethylene sheets, organic manure and chemical fertilizer on the anatomy changes in potato shoot and leaves tissues. Results showed that leaves area, leaves area index and chlorophyll percentage were significantly increased by using mulching and chemical fertilizer by (7463.70 cm2, 3.97, 45.33 SPAD units) respectively. Also this treatment significantly increased total stomata number and in both lower and upper sides of the leaf by (957,721,176) stomata /mm2 respectively. But by using mulching treatment with organic manure significantly increased vessels and sieve tubes diameter by (12.5, 2.75) micron for respectively. However the control treatment significantly increased leaves thickness spongy mesophyll by (45) micron, while the palisade parenchyma thickness was significantly increased to 26.25 micron in mulching and chemical fertilizers treatment. In conclusion, the interaction between mulching with black polyethylene sheets and fertilizing with organic and chemical manure , caused same anatomy characteristic changes which increased the potatoes plant yield and the ability to drought tolerance.

The Amount of Free Lime and the Composition of the Soluble Phosphates in Basic Slag

Basic Slag owes its value as a source of phosphoric acid to the fact that it is essentially basic in its character, and can be used on land where an acid manure of the character of superphosphate is not to be recommended.As no figures were available on the subject it seemed interesting to determine how much of the lime which it contains existed in the free uncombined condition. It has been stated that in some cases this is as much as 20%.With a view to this determination four samples of freshly ground slag were obtained direct from the makers through the kindness of the Lawes Chemical Manure Company.