Governors' pro-market ideology as institutional enablement of firm internationalization

PurposeExtant literature has indicated that government support is one of the main drivers of international expansion of Chinese multinational enterprises. However, research on the influence of governors on firm internationalization is still limited. Drawing upon the institution-based view, we theorize a novel concept of institutional enablement to illustrate the influence of a governor's pro-market ideology on Chinese firms' internationalization.Design/methodology/approachWe analyze the relationship between a governor's pro-market ideology (consisting of a pro-market political ideology, an overseas educational background and a business background) and firm internationalization with a sample of Chinese public companies during 2014–2017.FindingsWe find a direct and positive effect of a governor's pro-market ideology on firm internationalization. We also find an indirect and positive effect of a governor's pro-market ideology through regional, inward foreign direct investment.Originality/valueTo the best of our knowledge, this paper is the first to investigate an underexplored question of the impact of governors on firm internationalization and to develop a novel concept of institutional enablement, based on discursive institutionalism.

Adoption and implementation of automation technologies in organizations and community job-loss; corporate social responsibility managers justification mechanism among social actors

Purpose The purpose of this study is to ascertain how corporate social responsibility (CSR) managers are justifying the adoption of automation technologies in India, which is simultaneously creating job loss. Design/methodology/approach Indian firms to become and maintain superior levels of competitiveness in the marketplace had initiated the adoption, as well as usage of automation technologies such as robotics, additive manufacturing, machine learning and others. Such firm initiatives led to job loss in communities where the firm had a presence with its plants and offices. CSR managers primarily engaged with communities to undertake firm CSR initiatives. Job creation and its continuance have been a sacred component in this narrative. The adoption of automation technologies had altered this point of conversation. CSR managers had to justify both organizational actions from a firm perspective and reconcile the same to the community leaders. In this research, an exploratory study was conducted with a semi-structured open-ended questionnaire with 28 CSR experts. Data was collected through personal interviews and the data was content analysed based upon thematic content analysis. Findings The results indicated that CSR managers rationalized the adoption of automation technologies from a push-pull-mooring (PPM) perspective from a firm centric point of view. While for justification from a community (social) centric perspective, dominantly system thinking with fair market ideology than normative justification, utilitarian rather than deontological thinking (DT) and organizational economic egoism (OEE) rather than reputational egoism was applied. Research limitations/implications The study applies the theories of the PPM perspective from a firm centric point of view. While for community-based theoretical justification – system thinking with fair market ideology than normative justification, utilitarian rather than DT and OEE rather than reputational egoism was used. Practical implications This study finding would help CSR managers to undertake community activities while their firms are adopting and implementing automation technologies that are creating job loss in the very community their firms are serving. Mangers would get insights regarding the steps they should undertake to create harmony. Originality/value This is one of the first studies that delve regarding how CSR managers are justifying the adoption of automation technologies in India, which is simultaneously creating job loss. Theoretically, this study is novel because the study question is answered based upon the adoption of automation technologies from a PPM perspective from a firm centric point of view. While, for justification from a community (social) centric perspective, dominantly system thinking with fair market ideology than normative justification, utilitarian rather than DT and OEE rather than reputational egoism was applied.

THE MARKET IDEOLOGY BEHIND THE DEVELOPMENT OF KANDA PAT TEACHINGS IN BALI IN THE GLOBAL ERA

Tourism as an introduction to Balinese culture in the era of globalization with the development of the global tourism business. On the other hand, the emergence of a spiritual school of kebatinan which is proficient with Kanda Pat's style, grows, exists and develops in Bali. Local adaptation causes variation or diversity in responding to a culture. In globalization there is a local response or adaptation to the globalization uniformity project. This response made Kanda Pat's teachings globalized, as a genius local science that began to globalize. Based on these ideas, in this research there are several things to be examined related to the existence of Kanda Pat's teachings in the Balinese social environment. From the description of the background, it generally aims to reveal the phenomenon of the market ideology behind the development of Kanda Pat's teachings in Bali in the global era. In addition to general objectives it also has specific objectives, the specific objectives of this study are (1) knowing the shape of Kanda Pat in Balinese culture, (2) knowing the social and economic benefits of developing Kanda Pat's teachings as a healing tourism. Based on the discussion of this research, it is found that the existence of Kanda Pat is a great cultural wealth of Balinese people, which is commodified as tourism healing to have socio-economic, spiritual and health functions in line with tourism developments and postmodern lifestyle trends. Keywords: market ideology, kanda pat teachings, tourism, healig. glucasization

The British Fertiliser Manufacturers’ Association: Struggle for Survival 1870‒1930

Most firms in the British fertiliser industry of the 19th century were small and combined other activities, such as seed merchants, millers, manufacturers of sulphuric acid and in one case explosives. In the heyday of high farming there was almost no co-operation and no attempt to achieve economy of scale through merger and amalgamation. In 1875 just before the onset of the depression the Chemical Manure Manufacturers’ Association was formed to fix prices and address the challenges posed by proposed Government regulation of what was after all a noxious industry. This story mirrors much of British industry, where implicit (price-fixing) cartels failed and individual firms rejected collaboration in favour of what seems an irrational commitment to a free market ideology that was transparently misplaced.

‘Efficient Market Ideology’

This chapter delves into the economic ideologies that were promoted by Milton Friedman and the Chicago School in the latter decades of the 20th century. The financial imperative of the period was based on a false logic: that wealth will trickle down from the very wealthy to eventually advantage all of society. This has led instead to greater inequality between the wealthy and the poor. It has also resulted in the weakening of unionism and precarious working conditions driven by a trend in casualisation. A response to the intensifying effects of capitalism, Guy Debord and the situationists repeatedly updated their ‘spectacle theory’ over many decades, which also included their theory of ‘recuperation’ to address the resilience of capitalism. Various Post War art movements tried to defeat recuperation of their work by the market, but eventually deciding that it was a fruitless enterprise (Ian Burn). If today, all areas of political, social and cultural life are valued only in relation to a financial return, then for art to function as an effective critical political aesthetic today, the economic context needs to be placed under scrutiny. [184]