Information Needs of Rice Farmers on Inorganic Fertilizer Use in Ebonyi State, Nigeria

This study ascertained information needs of rice farmers on inorganic fertilizer use. One hundred and twenty rice farmers purposively selected from Ebonyi State, Nigeria constituted sample for the study. An interview schedule was used to collect data while percentage, mean scores and factor analysis were used for data analysis. Findings indicated that the majority (92.5%) of the respondents obtained information on inorganic fertilizer use from families and friends, all (100%) the respondents obtained fertilizer from the markets while 98.4% had no training on inorganic fertilizer use. Important areas that respondents required information on inorganic fertilizer use for rice production were on how to get fertilizer easily (x̄ =1.89), how to detect good or bad fertilizer (x̄=1086) among others. Institutional, technical, logistic and health constraints limited the farmers from using inorganic fertilizer in rice production. Provision of fertilizer subsidy by government (99.2%) and increase in accessibility of fertilizer by farmers (98.3%) were some of the strategies for improving inorganic fertilizer use on rice production. Extension should furnish farmers with information and training on where to get good fertilizer easily and how to use them in rice production. Key words: Rice farmers, inorganic fertilizer, information needs

PEMBERIAN BEBERAPA JENIS PUPUK ORGANIK DAN KEUNTUNGAN EKONOMI PADA BUDIDAYA PADI SAWAH DI KABUPATEN PIDIE

The objectives of this study is to analysis the affectivities and rate of efficiencies of using organic fertilizer in rice cultivation. The research treatment was implemented atlowland rice ofMali Guyui village, Subdistrict of Sakti, Pidie District Province of Aceh. Study started in May to September 2018 had executed at irrigation rice field farm property of farmer with the treatment formation: (1) Manure, (2) Straw compost and (3) Treatment of farmer. The result of study showed that the highest grain yield was obtained at higher straw compost treatment of 800 kg/ha (11.11%) compared with the pattern of the farmers, and 640 kg/ha (8.69%) compared with manure treatment. The result of economic analysis showed that the level of benefits obtained by treatment of hay is higher IDR 580,600,- (7.42%) compared with the treatment of farmers with their conventional manures and the application of hay also bring the higher benefits IDR 1,582,480,- (23.19%) compared with chemical manure treatment. Key words :Rice, organic fertilizer, economic benefit

PEMANFAATAN BETADINE SEBAGAI INDIKATOR UJI KLORIN PADA BERAS BERPEMUTIH

Klorin merupakan salah satu penggunaan Bahan Makanan Tambahan yang dilarang. Menurut Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia No.033/Menkes/Per/IX/2012, bahwa klorin tidak tercatat sebagai Bahan Tambahan Pangan (BTP) dalam kelompok pemutihan dan pematang tepung. Klorin digunakan sebagai pemutih beras yang dimaksudkan agar beras memiliki kualitas super dengan harga yang tinggi. Masyarakat akan kesulitan membedakan beras yang mengandung klorin atau tidak sehingga perlu dilakukan uji sederhana yang dapat dilakukan oleh masyarakat luas. Povidon iodine atau dikenal dengan betadine yang merupakan bahan antiseptik luka merupakan salah satu alternatif digunakan untuk identifikasi secara kualitatif kandungan klorin baik pada makanan maupun air. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui apakah betadine dapat digunakan sebagai alternatif untuk identifikasi klorin pada sampel beras bermerk maupun non merk. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa betadine dapat digunakan sebagai indikator identifikasi klorin pada sampel beras yang dijual di pasaran. Sepuluh sampel beras yang diidentifikasi dua diantaranya terindikasi positif mengandung pemutih klorin. Sampel beras positif mengandung klorin jika setelah penambahan dengan betadine menghasilkan warna putih keruh. Uji penegasan dilakukan dengan menambahkan larutan amilum dan KI 10% pada sampel beras dan menghasilkan warna biru kehitaman. Kata kunci : beras, pemutih, klor, betadine ABSTRACT Chlorine is one of the prohibited uses of Foodstuffs. According to the Regulation of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia No.033 / Menkes / Per / IX / 2012, that chlorine is not recorded as a Food Additives (BTP) in the bleaching and flour milling group. Chlorine is used as rice bleach which is intended to have a super quality rice at a high price. The community will find it difficult to distinguish whether or not rice contains chlorine or not, so a simple test can be carried out by the community. Povidon iodine, also known as betadine, which is an antiseptic wound, is one alternative used to qualitative identify chlorine content in food and water. The purpose of this study was to determine whether betadine can be used as an alternative for identification of chlorine in samples of branded and non-branded rice. The results showed that betadine could be used as an indicator of chlorine identification in rice samples sold in the market. Ten rice samples were identified, two of which were indicated to be positive for chlorine bleach. The rice sample is positive for chlorine if after adding it with betadine it produces a cloudy white color. The affirmation test was carried out by adding a solution of starch and 10% KI to the rice sample and producing a blackish blue color. Key words: rice, bleach, chlorine, betadine

Pengaruh perbedaan mikroorganisme dan suhu pada kandungan serat jerami padi fermentasi

The aim of this research was to determine the NDF and ADF content of rice straw<br />fermented with several types of microorganism at different temperatures. Rice straw was<br />obtained from rice fields in Ishigaki District, Okinawa, Japan. The types of microbes used<br />were Lactobacillus fermentum, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus coagulant Saccharomyces<br />cerevisiae, and Aspergillus niger. The mainplot was temperature (25, 35, 45°C) and the<br />subplot was microorganism. Each treatment has 3 replications. There were two groups for<br />controls, i.e. the control without molasses and the control with molasses. The rice straw<br />fermented within 3 weeks. The ADF content in all temperature treatments showed that S.<br />cerevisiae and A. niger treatments were higher (P&lt;0.01) than that in other microorganism<br />treatments. Hemicellulose content in S. cerevisiae and A. niger were tend to lower (P&lt;0.01)<br />compare to others microorganism treatments in all temperature treatments. The lowest<br />hemicelluloses content of fermented rice straw are showed by S. cerevisiae and A. niger at<br />45°C. These finding suggested that the ADF content were high in S. cerevisiae and A. niger<br />treatments, but showed decrease in hemicellulose and increase in cellulose and lignin.<br />Key words: rice straw, fermentation, ADF, NDF

Pengaruh perbedaan mikroorganisme dan suhu pada kandungan serat jerami padi fermentasi

The aim of this research was to determine the NDF and ADF content of rice straw<br />fermented with several types of microorganism at different temperatures. Rice straw was<br />obtained from rice fields in Ishigaki District, Okinawa, Japan. The types of microbes used<br />were Lactobacillus fermentum, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus coagulant Saccharomyces<br />cerevisiae, and Aspergillus niger. The mainplot was temperature (25, 35, 45°C) and the<br />subplot was microorganism. Each treatment has 3 replications. There were two groups for<br />controls, i.e. the control without molasses and the control with molasses. The rice straw<br />fermented within 3 weeks. The ADF content in all temperature treatments showed that S.<br />cerevisiae and A. niger treatments were higher (P&lt;0.01) than that in other microorganism<br />treatments. Hemicellulose content in S. cerevisiae and A. niger were tend to lower (P&lt;0.01)<br />compare to others microorganism treatments in all temperature treatments. The lowest<br />hemicelluloses content of fermented rice straw are showed by S. cerevisiae and A. niger at<br />45°C. These finding suggested that the ADF content were high in S. cerevisiae and A. niger<br />treatments, but showed decrease in hemicellulose and increase in cellulose and lignin.<br />Key words: rice straw, fermentation, ADF, NDF

Aktivitas Herbisida Campuran Bahan Aktif Cyhalofop-Butyl dan Penoxsulam terhadap Beberapa Jenis Gulma Padi Sawah

<p style="text-align: justify;">Weed competition becomes a major problem in low land rice. Weeds can reduce rice production up to 60-70%. Mixing herbicides is expected to obtain a broader spectrum of control of the weeds. Inappropriate mixing herbicides may cause antagonism effect which can reduce the effectiveness on the target weed. The objective of the research was to study the antagonism activity of two active ingredients herbicide mixture, cyhalofop-butyl and penoxulam. The treatment was consisted of three types of herbicide with five level of doses, i.e. a single herbicide cyhalofop-butyl (0, 375, 750, 1500, and 3000 g ai ha^-1), penoxulam (0, 50, 100, 200, and 400 g ai ha^-1), and the mixture of cyhalofop- butyl 50 g L^-1+ penoxulam 10 g L^-1(0, 225, 450, 900, and 1800 g ai ha^-1). The target weeds were Echinochloa cruss-galliand Monochoria vaginalis. Dry weight of biomass and percent of damage would further determine wheather the herbicide mixture were synergistic, antagonistic, or additive. Since cyhalofop-butyl and penoxulam had a different mode of action, analysis of the data used MSM (Multiplicative Survival Model) method to determine the LD50 of each herbicide treatment and mixture component. The result showed that an active ingredient mixture of cyhalofop-butyl 50 g L^-1+ penoxulam 10 g L^-1 was not antagonist, with LD50-expectation values of 253.231 g ai ha^-1and the LD50-treatment of 211.91 g ai ha^-1. The co-toxicity value was 1.19 (&gt;1).</p><p>Key words: rice field weeds, cyhalofop-butyl, penoxulam, herbicide mixture, MSM (Multiplicative Survival Model), LD50</p>

Ecology of terrace wet rice-fish environment and role of periphyton

The waterlogged terrace wet rice-fields of Apatani Plateau located at an altitude of 1500msl in Arunachal Pradesh of the north eastern India are stocked with fish Common carp (Cyprinus carpio L) for several decades. The fishes are not fed with supplementary feeds because of the rich organic nature of the rice-fields. The study on water and soil of these fields revealed a strong co-relation to such organic nature. The wet rice-fish integrated fields exhibited the characters of shallow wet ecosystems. The water canals traversed through the rice fields were found inundated with water up to 50m showing the nature of Deep Water Rice fields (DWR) at least for one month. Significant (p<0.001) variations of water were observed for dissolved oxygen (DO) and carbon dioxide (CO2) to diurnal and seasonal changes. Alkalinity of the fields intends to play a role towards its productivity which is otherwise played by DO in other aquatic systems. Soil nitrogen reflected a gradual increasing trend of organic nature. Role of periphyton may not be ignored to the high phosphorus level of the soil at later flood phases in these fields. Key words: Rice-fish; aquatic ecosystem; organic practice; plankton; periphyton DOI: 10.3126/jowe.v4i0.2585Journal of Wetlands Ecology, (2010) Vol. 4, pp 102-111

Use of gross income as a measure of productivity in rice breeding

Rice breeders consider grain yield and milled rice percentages in developing cultivars, but usually do not consider gross income. This study’s objectives were to identify rice genotypes that produced high and stable expected gross incomes using genotype plus genotype × environment (GGE) biplot analysis. Uniform Regional Rice Nursery data on 47 long-grain genotypes grown at five locations (AR, LA, MO, MS, and TX) during 2001 to 2003 were analyzed. Gross income of each genotype was estimated based on grain yield, milled rice percentages, market prices, and direct and counter-cyclical payments. Based on GGE biplot analysis, the genotypes with the highest yield and highest gross income for the main crop were different in 12 out of 13 environments. RU0103184, Francis, and RU0003178 were the genotypes with the highest gross income in six, four, and three environments, respectively. Rice breeders should consider gross income as a selection criterion in the release of new cultivars. Key words: Rice, GGE, GE, breeding, gross income

The origin, identification, and plant morphology of five rice monosomics

Five different monosomics of rice (Oryza sativa L.) were obtained by treatment of pollen with gamma irradiation, as a by-product of attempts to determine the cytological loci of certain marker genes, i.e., mature pollen carrying normal alleles at all loci was given gamma rays and used for pollinating strains that were homozygous for recessive marker genes. The monosomics showed distinguishable morphological features and had complete seed sterility. Cytological studies revealed that one monosomic was tertiary, the others primary. The tertiary monosomic was related to chromosome 10. Two primary monosomics for chromosomes 10 and 11 were identified. At metaphase I, the tertiary monosomic showed the chromosome configurations 1 III + 10 II, 11 II + 1 I, and 10 II + 3 I, and all primary ones showed the configuration 11 II + 1 I. All five monosomics showed very poor crossing ability and were not transmitted to the few progenies observed. A few trisomic plants were found in the progenies of a cross between monosomic and normal pollen in one monosomic. This is the first time that many monosomics in rice have been characterized. This information will be useful in studies of rice aneuploidy and cytogenetics. Key words : rice, monosomics, morphology, cytology, transmission, trisomics.

Characterization of four induced chromosome deficiencies in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Four rice (Oryza sativa L.) deficiencies, involving chromosomes 4 (Df4), 8 (Df8), and 11 (Df11-1, Df11-2), were studied. The deficiencies were induced by means of the pseudodominance technique, i.e., strains carrying one or more recessive marker genes were fertilized with irradiated pollen of a strain carrying normal alleles at corresponding loci. No characteristic morphological features were found in the deficiencies, as compared with the normal F1 plants in the progeny. The deficiencies showed high or complete seed sterility. Genetic and cytological studies indicated deficiencies in chromosomes 4, 8, and 11. The fragment chromosomes in Df4, Df8, and Df11-2 were short, possibly being derived from the heterochromatin regions of the chromosomes, including kinetochores, and the fragment chromosome in Df11-1 was long, with about 75% of the long arm missing. At metaphase I, Df4, Df8, and Df11-2 showed only the chromosome configuration of 11 II (bivalents) + 2I (univalents), and Df11-1 only that of 12 II. It seems that the short fragments tend to stay as univalents in meiosis, probably because of their shortness. On the other hand, long fragments act as normal chromosomes and associate with their homologues. The deficiencies were not transmitted to the progenies, although only a few offspring were examined. By using the induced deficiencies Df4 and Df11-1, two morphological marker genes, lg (liguleless) and la (lazy growth habit), were located on the long arm of chromosomes 4 and 11, respectively. This is the first report in rice utilizing induced chromosome deficiencies to locate a gene on a specific arm of a chromosome. The use of induced deficiencies for studying the structure of the rice genome is discussed. Key words : rice, chromosome, deficiencies, cytology, transmission.