Parfit on Act Consequentialism

In the first two volumes of On What Matters, Derek Parfit argues that three major normative theories—Kantianism, Contractualism, and Consequentialism—are, in their most defensible forms, compatible, and can be reconciled as a ‘Triple Theory’. The form of Consequentialism that Parfit argues is compatible with Kantianism and Contractualism is Rule Consequentialism. This has led many to assume that Parfit does not believe that Act Consequentialism is a defensible form of Consequentialism. We draw on personal correspondence to show that this assumption is incorrect. We then consider how, in On What Matters, volume iii, which Parfit completed shortly before his death, he seeks to narrow the differences between Act Consequentialism and the Triple Theory. One of the ways in which he does this is to suggest that Impartial Rationality may be an external rival to Morality, in much the same way as egoism is an external rival to morality. We argue that this move undermines morality, as shown by Parfit’s own example of the judgements that we may make in the case of terror bombing. We conclude that Parfit’s attempts to bridge the gap between Act Consequentialism and Triple Theory meet with only limited success.

COUNSELOR RELIGIOUS UNDERSTANDING IN IMPLEMENTATION OF EDUCATION MODERATION FOR NON-CIVIL SERVANTS

Religious counselor is the government spearhead in the regional agency, the occurrence of conflict, terrorism, radicalism, and blaming each other. Thus technological developments make the community contaminated with these developments. This paper aims to describe the role of instructors in attempting these problems. Nowadays, radical threats are widespread in Indonesian society, which is carried out by groups of radicalism, fundamentalism, extremists, and others. Radicalism act always causing unpleasant, can also cause widespread conflict, even lead to a series of acts of terror, bombing in several areas. This kind of violence must be prevented as early as possible.

The monstrous enemy in the “terrorist” mind

This chapter focuses on how monster-like creatures may be used by “terrorist” groups to frame their own enemy. If monster-like creatures play a crucial role in the “cosmic war” narrative adopted by many “terrorist” groups, their main goal usually is not to present the enemy as an uncontrollable monster but rather “othering” it in order to cause the “social death of the victim,” which in turn helps them justify the resort to morally liminal behavior and cement their in-group cohesion. The examples discussed in this chapter span from the use of exterminatory rhetoric to frame the targets of terror bombing during World War II, the “buck” and Incubus symbolism in white supremacist terrorism, the metaphorical constructs chosen by left-wing groups in the 1970s, and the use of concept of “taghout” by Islamist movements.

The ‘Dialectics of War’ in Criminology

In chapter six, The “dialectics of war” in criminology the issue of “terror bombing” is foregrounded as an extensive weapon of “new” wars used against civilians throughout the 20th and 21st centuries. However, with the intention of transgressing this as merely a matter of “state crime” this is redefined as a form of “risk transfer” war wherein military lives are strategically prioritised over those of civilians. In making this observation, juxtapositions are proposed between civilian victims of war, the “deviant” soldier, and what we term the politics of remembering and “forgetting” war violence. These two “dialectics of war” are outlined to illustrate how war is relational with society, and how certain matters relating to deviant military bodies have been prioritised ahead of the murder of civilians within the discipline of criminology past and present.

Jihad Against Drug Mafias: A Case Study of Community Collective Movement in Aceh

Collective movement for drug eradication organized by the community was proved to be more effective in stopping drug trafficking than to the security approaches organized by the state apparatus (government). Based on the case study of communitys collective movement in the village of Ujoeng Pacu Lhokseumawe, this artilce is intended to show the complex phenomena of genealogy and the dynamics of the collective movement of the community in fighting the drug mafias. Using the Perspective of Tilly Collective Movement and the Method of Phenomenolgy, the study found that jihad collective movement on the drug eradication caried out by the community of Ujong Pacu was motivated by the rigging relationship among theological unrest, social and economical security, and concerns about the future generations. The consideration of the drug as the only trigger of any immoral (ma maksiet) activities towards Allah Almighty has made the flow of this movement not only significant to the social movement but also to theological movement (jihad). Due to its interpretation as a religious movement, the moral of the drug eradication movement was not deterred despite the various threats and the terror bombing as an act of counter-attack from the drug mafias occured repeatedly in the Ujoeng Pacus community.

Penanganan Teror Bom Thamrin Ditinjau Berdasarkan Skep Kapolri Nomor: 172 Tahun 2014 tentang Penanganan Tempat Kejadian Perkara (PTKP) Bom

AbstrakFenomena ISIS pasca Al-Qaeda telah memberikan harapan baru dan semangat baru kelompok radikal Islam di Indonesia. Salah satu aksi terorisme yang dilakukan oleh anggota ISIS di Indonesia adalah terror Bom Thamrin pada 14 Januari 2016 dengan pola dan modus berupa bom dan penembakan. Polri sebagai leading sector penanganan terorisme, telah merumuskan beberapa peraturan mengenai penanganan terorisme, misalnya, Keputusan Kepala Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor: 172 Tahun 2014 tentang Penanganan Tempat Kejadian Perkara Bom (PTKP). Keputusan tersebut menjadi landasan kepolisian dalam penanganan kasus teror di lapangan. Untuk itu, penelitian ini akan mengungkap sejauh mana penanganan terror bom Thamrin ditinjau berdasarkan Skep Kapolri Nomor: 172 Tahun 2014 Tentang Penanganan Tempat Kejadian Perkara Bom (PTKP).Kata kunci: terorisme, Teror Thamrin, ISIS, Polri ISIS phenomena after Al-Qaeda have given new hope and spirit of Islamic radicalism groups in Indonesia. One of terrorism action by ISIS members was Thamrin bombing terror on January 14, 2016 with pattern and modus of bombings and shootings. Indonesian National Police as a leading sector in handling terrorism has formulated rules regarding terrorism handling, such as the Decree of the Indonesian National Police Chief (Perkap) No. 172, 2014 on the Handling of the Crime Scene (PTKP) of bomb. This decree becomes the base of police on handling terror scene. Therefore, this research can reveal how far the handling of Thamrin terror bombing based on Skep No. 173, 2014.Keywords: Terrorism, Terror of Thamrin, ISIS, Indonesian National Police

Dimensions of Intentions

This chapter partially defends the significance of intentions to permissibility against critics and explores some different views about their relevance by exploring a range of contexts in just war theory where views about the significance of intentions make a difference in our judgments about the permissibility of military action. It clarifies two components of the doctrine of double effect (DDE) and distinguishes different versions of it. It then compares the DDE with some competing explanations of the intuitive difference between terror bombing and tactical bombing, arguing that the DDE is an important component of the right overall view of the permissibility of killing in war.

Strategic Air Power

Strategic air power is one of the means by which a military strategy employs aerial platforms to bypass the battlefield to achieve decisive political results in conflict. Most obviously, this has involved the coercion of an enemy nation-state by seeking to destroy its economic ability to wage war (as opposed to eliminating its armed forces). In Clauzwitzian terms, this represents a fundamental shift in identifying the enemy’s “center of gravity.” Debates over whether air power can achieve strategic goals date from the very first applications of it. The use of strategic air power requires systematic organization (e.g., RAF Bomber Command; the US Strategic Air Command) and, in addition to the use of strategic bomber aircraft, can be used in conjunction with missiles or tactical aircraft against targets selected to diminish the war-making capacity of the enemy. One of the aims for using strategic air power is enemy demoralization—that is, the racking up of punishment to the extent that the will of the enemy to resist is broken. The theory of strategic heavy bombing began to be developed during the aftermath of World War I. By the time of World War II, opponents of strategic air power made frequent reference to “terror bombing” as shorthand for its use. Of course, this term is dismissed by proponents of the use of strategic air power for the manner in which it delineates between other aspects of war (often equally unpleasant) and the targeting of civilians/war-making capacity. The use of strategic air power has been limited since World War II for a number of reasons. Not least among these is the relative scarcity of major wars as well as the inability of the vast majority of modern nation-states to devote sufficient resources to seek any decision in conflict via strategic air power. The United States is a notable exception here and it employed strategic air power in Vietnam in 1972, against Iraq in 1991 and 2003, and in Kosovo in 1999.