No Country for Muslims? The Invention of an Islam Républicain in France and Its Impact on French Muslims

Since the beheading of the French teacher Samuel Paty on 16 October 2020, the call for a fight against the so-called ‘Political Islam’ has been heard once again, not only in France, but all over Europe (EU). The politicization of Islam is held to be responsible for the increasing attacks by radical Islamic actors within European metropoles, and the EU states’ call for action and revenge in response to this ideology and its adherents, in order to guarantee public security and democratic values. Starting from the major terrorist attacks in France in the last few years, this paper seeks to compare the interlinking between domestic policy and religious radicalization and its impact on neighboring states. With regard to the attacks on 13 November 2015 in France, the attackers were traced back to radical networks in Belgium and Germany. Based on selected interviews that have been conducted by the author with female adherents of jihadist milieus within the years 2015 and 2016 in France and social media examples of Muslim reactions on the current French law enforcement, the tension between domestic policy and religious freedom related to Islam in France will be highlighted in this article. Among other reasons, the interview quotations and social media reactions can be seen as a result of a specific religious understanding and practice related to Islam by some actors. In addition, the ongoing othering of Muslims by France and other European societies can be seen to be in sum to be responsible for the increasing interest of young Muslims in radical Islamic thought that led to jihadist attacks within France in the not-so-distant past. With respect to the aforementioned development, this article will conceptualize the problematique of a (politically motivated) category formation related to one religion that is currently practiced in France, as seen from the perspective of a religious studies scholar.

MODERASI BERAGAMA DALAM ISLAM DAN RELEVANSINYA DENGAN KONTEKS KEINDONESIAAN

The failure to have a dialogue between religious understanding and social reality in Indonesia, which is multicultural, plural, and diverse, is the root of social conflicts with religious backgrounds. The failure to dialogue understanding is experienced by hardline groups who do not want to tolerate and find it difficult to compromise with the understanding of other religions that are different. The main commitment of religious moderation to tolerance makes it the best way to deal with religious radicalism that threatens religious life itself and, in turn, affects the life of community, nation and state unity.Keyword: Moderation of Religion, IndonesianAbstrakKegagalan dalam mendialogkan pemahaman agama dengan realitas sosial di Indonesia yang multikultural, plural, dan beragam merupakan akar dari konflikkonflik sosial berlatarbelakang agama. Kegagalan mendialogkan pemahaman dialami oleh kelompok garis keras yang tidak mau mentolelir dan sulit berkompromi dengan pemahaman agama lain yang berbeda. Komitmen utama moderasi beragama terhadap toleransi menjadikannya sebagai cara terbaik untuk menghadapi radikalisme agama yang mengancam kehidupan beragama itu sendiri dan, pada gilirannya, mengimbasi kehidupan persatuan bermasyarakat, berbangsa, dan bernegara.Kata Kunci: Moderasi Beragama, Indonesia

Evolution of Views on the Value of Scientific Knowledge in Western Philosophy

Introduction. Evolution of views on the value of scientific knowledge in various directions of Western philosophy, from the ancient period to the 20th century is analyzed in the article. The relevance of the article is due to the fact that the view of scientific knowledge as the value of scientific reality is a fairly new phenomenon.Methodology and sources. The methodological basis of the work is the cultural and philosophical analysis of various points of view in the works of both ancient philosophers, philosophers of the Renaissance and the New times (Plato, Aristotle, Pythagoras, F. Aquinas, Leonard da Vinci, F. Bacon, Locke, Hobbes, Descartes, Spinoza), as well as in the works of O. Comte, Spencer, Mach, Poincare, Pierce, James, Dewey, Jaspers, B. Russell, etc. (i.e. representatives of positivism, existentialism, neo-Thomism).Results and discussion. Today two directions could be distinguished in the relation to science: either its absolutization, that we name scientism, or the cult of an abstract person opposed to science – anthropologism. This is a consequence of the changes in the views on scientific knowledge that have taken place throughout the history of science. Thus, in the ancient period, the value of science was determined, firstly, not in relation to the practical activity of a human being, but only in relation to science to knowledge and cognition, and secondly, as a way of self-development of the individual. In the Middle Ages, science was the “handmaid” of theology. In the Renaissance science faced new challenges: the first was an anti-religious understanding of the essence of a person, the second was the justification of the role of scientific knowledge both for practice and for the worldview as a whole. It was on this understanding of the meaning of scientific knowledge that the concepts of the philosophers of the XVII–XVIII centuries were built, and they dominated until the middle of the XIX century. From this period, a one-sided approach begins to dominate – the ideological role of the value of science was denied and only its pragmatic value is taken. Along with this, there is also a critical attitude towards science, which then develops into anti-scientism. Today, a pessimistic approach (postmodernism, for example) the approach to the consideration of the value of scientific knowledge is characteristic of modern philosophical trends that deny not only the value of scientific knowledge, but also deny knowledge itself.Conclusion. The evaluation of scientific knowledge in Western philosophy has undergone significant changes. If in classical philosophy, with a few exceptions, the recognition of the comprehensive value of science prevailed, i.e. its ideological, humanistic and practical value, then in the future all these three main aspects of the value of scientific knowledge are analyzed. In the extreme forms, this leads to the emergence of antiscientism, for which it is the development of scientific knowledge is perceived as a source of human misery and suffering.

Kitab Asmarakandi sebagai Sumber Belajar Pendidikan Islam Awal di Nusantara

During the classical period, Islamic education in the Indonesian archipelago (Nusantara) could not be separated from the literature used. One of the earliest pieces of literature that have been used in the Nusantara since the 16th century AD is Asmarakandi book by Abū al-Laiṡ as-Samarqandī. This research aims to explain the significance and characteristics of the Asmakarakandi book related to its function as a learning resource and its implications for the implementation of early Islamic education in the Nusantara. This research is a literature review using the integration-interconnection scientific paradigm, namely the historical approach in Islamic studies. This research finds that the Asmarakandi book is a popular basic level of Islamic education learning resource used by Muslim communities from different socio-cultural backgrounds. The distinctive format of the Asmarakandi book also shows implications regarding its function as a learning resource for Islamic education. First, the used of the Asmarakandi book makes Islamic education take place systematically, effectively, and efficiently. Second, the suitability of the material with the level of religious understanding of the early Muslim community in the Nusantara. Third, the dialogue-based book format can encourage the critical power of the reviewers. Furthermore, fourth, the transformation of the book into local texts helps the general public understand the content of the Asmarakandi book.

Restoration and Conservation Based on Community Empowerment and Religious Understanding

Community empowerment is one of the effective strategies in conservation efforts. However, empowerment-based conservation still leaves some problems to be solved. The most significant issues in empowerment-based conservation are sustainability and human resource issues. This study sees the problem can be solved by integrating religious aspects in empowerment-based conservation efforts. Through its teaching about the environment, religion can instill values and shape the behavior of people and people who care about the environment. For demonstrating this possibility, this study reviews the literature available in discussions on the role of religion in environmental conservation, community empowerment, and conservation efforts. From the existing literature, religion instills values, shapes behavior, and ensures its sustainability. This is possible through features in religion, such as the message of responsibility in the concept of divinity, karma and reward/sin, or other features such as the ability of institutions to spread values that are intertwined with the emotional, cognitive, and even political aspects of society.

Disagreement, Testimony, and Religious Understanding

In Chapter 2, questions about appropriate responses to religious disagreement are related to questions about appropriate responses to religious testimony. If it is appropriate to alter one’s credence on the basis of encountering a disagreeing peer, it is also appropriate to alter one’s credence in a religious proposition on the basis of encountering a testifier who is at least as competent and informed as oneself, when one is antecedently unopinionated on the matter at hand. However, recent literature on moral testimony should give one pause; there is distinctive value or importance in acquiring not merely knowledge but understanding. It is argued in this chapter that it may often also be inappropriate to adjust one’s credence on the basis of religious disagreement, for the reason that in so doing one would threaten or disincentivize one’s religious understanding.

The Impact of Fiqih Ibadah Materials on Amaliyah of Vocational High School Students

This study aims to determine the impact of fiqh ibadah (worship fiqh) material on the amaliyah (worship practice) of the 287 XII grade students at SMKN 1 Kinali, during the Covid 19 pandemic, because globally a third of the earth is experiencing the disaster. This research was conducted using a qualitative method with a case study design. All data were taken using in-depth interviews to fifteen informants who were selected using the purposive sampling technique. The researcher also took data through documentation and observation. All data were then analyzed by thematic and document analysis. Overall the results show that there are five kinds of mahdhah and ghairu mahdhah worship carried out by SMK students as routine activities such as praying, fasting, giving alms, caring for fellow humans, and improving religious understanding.

Ketahanan Moderasi Beragama Mahasiswa di Tengah Melting Pot Gerakan Keagamaan di Surakarta

Besides being famous as a city that has a rich Javanese cultural heritage, in Surakarta, Central Java, there are also various religious-based views and organizations, ranging from those that can be categorized as the moderate groups to the radical ones. The existence of one of the PTKIN (State Islamic Universities), namely UIN Raden Mas Said in Surakarta, certainly makes it a place for various views to flow. This study discusses the influence of religious background on the religious attitudes of UIN Raden Mas Said students. Through qualitative research methods employing surveys, this study concludes that the large variety of religious organizations in Surakarta does not necessarily affect students' religious understandings and attitudes. In contrast to several previous studies which indicated a relationship between student activities and the puritan fundamentalist movement, this study proves that the students still have a moderate, inclusive, tolerant religious understanding, respect for tradition, and are loyal to the state ideology. Amid the potential for exclusivity as an excess of being in a melting pot of various religious views, students have resilience in maintaining an attitude of religious moderation. Selain populer sebagai kota yang memiliki kekayaan warisan budaya Jawa, di Surakarta Jawa Tengah juga terdapat beragam aliran dan organisasi masyarakat berbasis keagamaan, mulai dari yang dapat dikategorikan moderat hingga radikal. Keberadaan salah satu PTKIN (Perguruan Tinggi Keagamaan Islam Negeri), yakni UIN Raden Mas Said di Surakarta, tentu menjadikannya sebagai tempat bermuaranya berbagai aliran. Penelitian ini membahas pengaruh latar belakang keagamaan terhadap sikap beragama mahasiswa UIN Raden Mas Said. Dengan metode penelitian kualitatif melalui survei, penelitian ini menghasilkan kesimpulan bahwa banyaknya ragam aliran keagamaan yang di Surakarta tidak otomatis memengaruhi pemikiran mahasiswa menjadi radikal. Berbeda dengan beberapa penelitian sebelumnya yang mengindikasikan adanya hubungan antara kegiatan mahasiswa dengan gerakan puritan fundamentalis, penelitian ini membuktikan bahwa mahasiswa masih memiliki pemahaman keagamaan yang moderat, inklusif, toleran, menghargai tradisi, dan setia terhadap ideologi negara. Di tengah potensi eksklusifitas sebagai ekses dari keberadaannya di melting pot ragam aliran, mahasiswa memiliki ketahanan dalam menjaga sikap moderasi beragama.

IMPLEMENTASI NILAI MODERASI BERAGAMA DALAM PERSPEKTIF AL-QURAN DI ERA SOCIETY 5.0

This article aims to examine the implementation of the value of religious moderation in the perspective of the Al-Quran in the era of era society 5.0. Religious moderation in the era Society 5.0. era provides religious narratives that are free of access through technology that is often used by certain groups to make religion an aspiration by imposing that is far from tolerant and fair. Therefore, religious moderation is the basis for strengthening religious understanding in era society 5.0, which needs to have characteristics in accordance with the values ​​of the Al-Quran by strengthen religious understanding that is moderate, tolerant and compassionate. The method used in this research is a qualitative method that uses library research as its approach. The research sources used were obtained from various scientific sources, namely books, journal articles, and various other sources related with research studies. Furthermore, with data analysis techniques in the form of descriptive-analytic, the researcher will analyze the data encounters before presenting it. Readers in the midst of a multicultural society. From the results of the study it was found that there are several moderating values ​​in Al The Al-Quran as a reference that needs to be implemented in the era society 5.0. era to create peace in life in the era society 5.0, era, namely a. fostering the value of balance and justice, b. maintain the value of religious tolerance c . maintain the value of religious harmony d. Spread the value of love.

Map of The Needs of UMSU Students on Al-Islam and Muhammadiyah Curriculum

The purpose of this study was to produce a map of the needs of UMSU students for Al-Islam and Kemuhammadiyahan (AIK) courses. This type of research is qualitative research that uses survey techniques. Data collection was carried out by questionnaires and interviews. The data analysis techniques used are; describe the data, analyze, and interpret, and conclude. The results showed that the map of the needs of UMSU students for AIK courses were: 1) Students with religious understanding backgrounds other than Muhammadiyah (92 people/76.8%) of the 396 respondents stated that the provision of Worship courses, in particular, not through doctrine and coercion, but must pay attention to the background of the religious understanding they already profess. 2) Non-Muslim students generally state that Worship courses are not taught in the form of doctrine as given to Muslim students but must consider their religious background, and AIK courses should be taught in the form of Islamology courses, or the like. 3) Students from Muhammadiyah schools tend to want the provision of AIK courses to be packaged with other programs. Or by combining face-to-face in class with more interesting programs, not just face-to-face routines. 4) Most of the respondents stated that learning strategies and methods need to be adapted to the needs of students.