The Dynamic Strength of the Hair-Cell Tip Link Reveals Mechanisms of Hearing and Deafness

Our senses of hearing and balance rely on the extraordinarily sensitive molecular machinery of the inner ear to convert deflections as small as the width of a single carbon atom1,2 into electrical signals that the brain can process3. In humans and other vertebrates, transduction is mediated by hair cells4, where tension on tip links conveys force to mechanosensitive ion channels5. Each tip link comprises two helical filaments of atypical cadherins bound at their N-termini through two unique adhesion bonds6–8. Tip links must be strong enough to maintain a connection to the mechanotransduction channel under the dynamic forces exerted by sound or head movement—yet might also act as mechanical circuit breakers, releasing under extreme conditions to preserve the delicate structures within the hair cell. Previous studies have argued that this connection is exceptionally static, disrupted only by harsh chemical conditions or loud sound9–12. However, no direct mechanical measurements of the full tip-link connection have been performed. Here we describe the dynamics of the tip-link connection at single-molecule resolution and show how avidity conferred by its double stranded architecture enhances mechanical strength and lifetime, yet still enables it to act as a dynamic mechanical circuit breaker. We also show how the dynamic strength of the connection is facilitated by strong cis-dimerization and tuned by extracellular Ca2+, and we describe the unexpected etiology of a hereditary human deafness mutation. Remarkably, the connection is several thousand times more dynamic than previously thought, challenging current assumptions about tip-link stability and turnover rate, and providing insight into how the mechanotransduction apparatus conveys mechanical information. Our results reveal fundamental mechanisms that underlie mechanoelectric transduction in the inner ear, and provide a foundation for studying multi-component linkages in other biological systems.

Post-arc Current Measurement in Mechanical Circuit Breakers for Hvdc Applications

Post-arc currents contain valuable information on the breaker’s performance. In this paper, the dimensioning procedure for a measurement system for such currents, based on a diode clamped shunt resistor is presented. Based on synthetic low and high power tests, the performance of a mock-up is evaluated. Finally, the post-arc current of a model gas circuit breaker, designed for use in DC applications, is measured.