Comparative Analysis of Tariffs-Restricted Trade Wars between the United States and China Under the Recent Past Four Presidents: Did they Achieve Their Objectives?

This paper provides a comparative analysis of the tariffs-restricted trade wars between the United States and China under the recent past four presidents of the United States by using the difference-in-differences estimator framework. The overarching objective of three of the four presidential administrations that engaged in trade wars was to reduce the United States’ trade deficits with China. This raised some research questions. Did each administration achieve its objective of reducing the trade deficits with China? If so, which administration more effectively reduced the trade deficits in comparison to their immediate predecessor? What lessons can future administrations and governments around the world draw from the outcomes of the tariffs-restricted trade wars between the United States and China? To determine which president – Trump, Obama, and Bush – most effectively utilized import tariffs to reduce the trade deficits with China, we specified and tested three different sets of hypotheses. In sync with a controlled experiment, we tested another three sets of hypotheses in which we compared Presidents Trump, Obama, and Bush to President Clinton who did not impose tariffs on China. Based on our estimated results, we rejected all the null hypotheses in favor of the alternative hypotheses, which suggest that Presidents Trump, Obama, and Bush did not achieve any significant reduction in the United States’ trade deficits with China through the use of tariffs relative to President Clinton. The important lesson drawn from these findings is that tariffs are counterproductive and ineffective policy strategy.

Decision-Making and Executive Power Departments’ Adaptation. Barack Obama’s Pacific Policy Case

Introduction. In the Barack Obama’s government and administration’s decision-making process related to the Asia-Pacific, the interaction of specific officials, rather than general policy goals, played a determining role. Methods. Using the structural method, the history of everyday life, and adaptology, the author analyzed the hidden sides of decision-making process that influenced the official narrative. Analysis. The analysis is related to interaction with counterparts and behavioural strategies of the president, his administration, the State Department, the Department of Defense and the United States trade representative as the key centers involved in the struggle for policy elaboration. Results. Because of high competition among them and the desire of each center to stand for its position, the decision-making process has acquired several peculiarities. To mark their own position and reduce the influence of their competitors, the agencies developed their own strategies supported by created related concepts and narratives, opened new jobs, concealed their real attitudes towards each other as well as the real meanings of the strategies, and proposed new forms of interaction with non-state actors. To prevent the strengthening of other parts of the process Barack Obama and his advisors developed the concept of rebalance. Hillary Clinton responded with the concept of pivot. The Department of Defense, as these narratives struggled, was forced to side with the president, thereby disguising its true goals. United States trade representative R. Krik avoided the struggle and concentrated on adapting to objective conditions. As a result of the struggle, the Barack Obama’s government and administration have not developed a common regional strategy based on common goals and understanding of the region.

Reestructuración laboral en México frente al T-MEC

<p>Uno de los principales objetivos del T-MEC es la “legitimación” de las relaciones laborales de México bajo los nuevos criterios para la fuerza de trabajo mexicano. Las disposiciones laborales del T-MEC exigen la creación de instituciones clave financiadas por el gobierno de Estados Unidos (EU) y, sobre todo, México. Los asuntos relacionados con la implementación de la reforma laboral de México de 2019, la cual incorpora diversos elementos novedosos en torno a procesos de ratificación de contratos colectivos de trabajo y titularidad sindical, en la cual se prioriza el ejercicio de votación libre y secreto, ahora es oficio del Representante Comercial de Estados Unidos (United States Trade Representative, -USTR). Afirma el gobierno de EU que tiene el poder de monitorear los derechos laborales de México, lo que permite que el USTR actúe sin el consentimiento de México. Irónicamente, sindicatos de EU están abogando por un “salario digno” para los obreros mexicanos para evitar o disminuir la desindustrialización. La imposición desde afuera de un mejoramiento en los salarios miserables es algo inimaginable para la oligarquía mexicana y las empresas transnacionales de EU con fábricas y minas en México.</p><div><div><p> </p></div></div>

RECOGNITION OF THE USSR BY THE UNITED STATES: TRADE AND ECONOMIC ASPECT

В настоящей статье вниманию читателей предлагается обзор основных экономических и торговых факторов, определявших взаимодействие Советского Союза и Соединенных Штатов Америки в период «непризнания» с 1922 по 1933 гг. Несмотря на отсутствие официальных дипломатических отношений между странами, данный период характеризуется интенсификацией торговых и экономических взаимосвязей. Подробный и глубокий анализ указанных явлений позволит по-новому взглянуть на одну из самых сложных проблем истории рассматриваемого периода – причины разворота внешнеполитического курса США и признания СССР как субъекта международных отношений и права.

Analysis on China–United States Trade Imbalance from Trade Structure, Mode of Trade, and Trade Policy

This paper analyzes the direct cause of China–United States trade war, a trade imbalance between China and the United States, and summarizes the causes of this trade imbalance. I have discussed the trade imbalance from the three perspectives of trade structure, trade mode, and trade policy, which focus on the respective trade policies of China and the United States. Moreover, I have examined the subjective factors affecting the trade imbalance between China and the United States. A significant impact of trade policies on trade imbalance has been demonstrated in this study to call for attention from both sides.

Why Tariff and Trade War?

<p>By see the tariffs and trade wars in different time periods, each countries’ aim to start the trade war and tariff are protecting themselves. Analyzing and comparing the tariff acts in the colonial and antebellum period, the trade conflicts between the United States and Japan in the 1980s, and 2019’s China-United States trade war, we can see how tariffs work the same but also different in different time periods. </p>