Biceps, Brachialis, and Triceps

Tendon injuries at the elbow affect mostly the distal biceps and can progressively degenerate over time or rupture in an acute event. The degree of retraction may depend on the integrity of the lacertus fibrosus, a fibrous expansion that merges with the forearm flexor fascia. Biceps disorders are frequently associated with fluid or synovitis of the adjacent bicipital bursa; primary bursal disorders (primary inflammatory synovitis) can also be observed. Distal triceps is less frequently injured than the distal biceps, and tears usually manifest as distal ruptures with avulsion of a small flake of bone from the tip of the olecranon. Brachialis injuries are uncommon and the consequence of sudden muscle stretching during forced elbow hyperextension, as in posterior elbow luxation.

Luminescence dating of Youfangbei early late Pleistocene site, Nihewan Basin, North China

Sites dated to the early late Pleistocene are still limited in North China, which has hindered the detailed analysis of the development of Paleolithic industries in the late Pleistocene in this area. The Youfangbei (YFB) site is a newly excavated small-flake-tool Paleolithic site near the Youfang (YF) microblade site in the Nihewan Basin, North China. Because the small-flake-tool industry still existed in the late part of the late Pleistocene and might be related to the emergence of microlithic industries, the relationship between the two sites needs to be determined through a chronological study. Two profiles were excavated, and most of the artifact assemblages were unearthed in the lower profile (T1) from a depth of 0.9 m from the bottom. In this study, the feldspar post-infrared infrared stimulated luminescence method was applied to determine the age of the YFB site. Results showed that the upper profile was deposited from 86–0.5 ka, and the cultural layer in T1 yielded age of 124–82 ka, corresponding to Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 5, with an irregular but generally mild climate. The age of the YFB site is too old to be directly related to that of the YF site, but it partly bridges a chronological gap of human occupation in the Nihewan Basin.

Realizing small-flake graphene oxide membranes for ultrafast size-dependent organic solvent nanofiltration

Membranes for organic solvent nanofiltration (OSN) or solvent-resistant nanofiltration (SRNF) offer unprecedented opportunities for highly efficient and cost-competitive solvent recovery in the pharmaceutical industry. Here, we describe small-flake graphene oxide (SFGO) membranes for high-performance OSN applications. Our strategy exploits lateral dimension control to engineer shorter and less tortuous transport pathways for solvent molecules. By using La3+ as a cross-linker and spacer for intercalation, the SFGO membrane selective layer was stabilized, and size-dependent ultrafast selective molecular transport was achieved. The methanol permeance was up to 2.9-fold higher than its large-flake GO (LFGO) counterpart, with high selectivity toward three organic dyes. More importantly, the SFGO-La3+ membrane demonstrated robust stability for at least 24 hours under hydrodynamic stresses that are representative of realistic OSN operating conditions. These desirable attributes stem from the La3+ cross-linking, which forms uniquely strong coordination bonds with oxygen-containing functional groups of SFGO. Other cations were found to be ineffective.

Precooking and Flake Size Effects on Spent Fowl Restructured Steaks

Four formulations of spent fowl muscle, each made to contain 40% dark muscle and 60% white muscle, were prepared as follows: (a) raw meat, large flake size; (b) raw meat, small flake size; (c) precooked meat, large flake size and (d) precooked meat, small flake size. Each formulation was mixed with 0.3% NaCl, 0.25% Na tripolyphosphate and 0.25% hydrolyzed vegetable protein for 10 min, pressed into logs under 400 psi, frozen and cut into steaks. Steaks were evaluated for moisture and fat content, cooking properties, texture and sensory attributes. Restructured steaks made from precooked chicken muscle had lower initial moisture contents and lost less moisture during cooking than restructured steaks made from raw meat. Flake size had no significant effect on cooking losses; however, the smaller flake sizes contributed to a more tender product. Steaks made from the raw chicken meat were of a more acceptable flavor. Restructured steaks made from raw flakes were significantly more desirable in texture and overall palatability and were more tender and juicy than restructured steaks made from precooked chicken.

A Late Palaeolithic Settlement in the Colne Valley, Essex

The small flake implements belonging to a late palaeolithic industry, some of which are shown in the illustrations of this paper, were collected during about three years' work in some gravel pits which have been opened in a river terrace in the Colne Valley, Essex. That this site represents a settlement, and that the flints are not merely an aggregation of odd implements brought down by flood, there appears to be sufficient proof, first because of the distinctive nature of the industry itself, and secondly by the finding of hearths and depressions, which appear to be either the floors of pit dwellings or for use as wind-screens. The numerous cores and flakes also found suggest that the working places of implement makers have come to light.