USTAVNI DIZAJN POLOŽAJA PREDSEDNIKA REPUBLIKE TURSKE

The constitutional reforms of 2017 in the Republic of Turkey continued with the noticeable tendency of strengthening the executive power embodied in the institution of the head of state. Finally, this institution is constitutionally designed in a form that provokes significant debates in the legal and political public, which makes the subject interest even more provocative and attractive. The paper tries to present the understanding of the existing system of government in Turkey with the dominant position of the institution of the President of the Republic. In order to complete the objective notion of central research, it is first necessary to analyze the development of recent Turkish constitutional history during this century and explore the personal element of the institution of the head of state recognizable in the current president, Recep Tayyip Erdogan. In order to fully master the problem in question, it is necessary to pay appropriate attention to the institution of the army. Finally, the concluding epilogue of the conducted research can be a contribution to the discussions on the qualification of the type of government system of the state in question.

In the Wilderness

The chapter analyses the reasons for Venizelos's confrontation with the prince, from their respective points of view. A reason for Venizelos was his restless desire for progress towards union with Greece, through a more genuine autonomy. There was also a personal element. He was not someone to sit down meekly in face of the sharp attacks of the prince's advisers who set out to stop his mouth. The fundamental reason was dispute over union, reflecting two different political philosophies, popular sovereignty for Venizelos, the interests of the Glücksburg dynasty for prince George. The clash pushed the prince into more arbitrary measures, the closure of Venizelos's newspaper, and his short imprisonment. His rallies and island-wide visits before the assembly elections of March 1903 showed that he was still a popular figure. But though Venizelos was cold shouldered when he visited Athens to explain his position, it would be wrong to see him as isolated. Politically aware Cretans were taking sides, the prince's arbitrary behavior was alienating members of the professional classes.

Mauss and Organ Transplants: Ideas of Connectivity between Recipients and Donors and the “Spirit of the Gift”

This article aims to describe the relationship between donors and their recipients in the context of organ transplants. This analysis is made in the light of Marcel Mauss’s work, offering an expansion on an analysis of his discussion on the “spirit of the gift” and his idea that gifts require reciprocation. It is argued that some recipients of donated organs receive a personal element from the donor in that there is a transfer or sharing of the donors’ personality and spiritual qualities. The article examines the nature of this form of “interconnectedness”. The article considers the qualities of this form of interconnectedness between donors and recipients by examining two specific cases of gift giving. One such case concerns the accounts of the reception of organs by recipients and how they may feel connected with a donated entity. The second case of gifting is the case of Tibetan lamas concerning their funeral ceremonies, where, following cremation, their relics are donated to disciples. This “donation” does not take place by dissecting useable parts of a body for use in another person, but rather by ingestion of the remains of the corpse following cremation. This example shows how such “donations” are seen as incorporating the spiritual qualities and attributes of the donor [1]. The article concludes that while scholars have employed different forms of metaphors to understand the cultural context of organ donations this article analyzes the elements of the “spirit of the gift.” This form of analysis may best be understood in terms of Mauss’s notions of the return of the gift and the creation of a “communal bond”.

Often claimed, rarely tested: differences in individual drug response

An assumption among clinicians and researchers is that patients with schizophrenia vary considerably in their response to antipsychotic drugs in randomized clinical trials (RCTs). To evaluate the overall variation in individual treatment response from random variation by comparing the variability between treatment and control groups. DATA SOURCES Cochrane Schizophrenia, MEDLINE/PubMed, Embase, PsycINFO, Cochrane CENTRAL, BIOSIS Previews, ClinicalTrials.gov, and World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform from January 1, 1955, to December 31, 2016. Double-blind, placebo-controlled, RCTs of adults with a diagnosis of schizophrenia spectrum disorders and prescription for licensed antipsychoticdrugs. Means and SDs of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale pretreatmentand posttreatment outcome difference scores were extracted. Data quality and validity were ensured by following the PRISMA guidelines. The outcome measurewas the overall variability ratio of treatment to control in ameta-analysis across RCTs. Individual variability ratios were weighted by the inverse-variance method and entered into a random-effects model. A personal element of response was hypothesized to be reflected by a substantial overall increase in variability in the treatment group compared with the control group. An RCT was simulated, comprising 30 patients with schizophrenia randomized to either the treatment or the control group. The different components of variation in RCTs were illustrated with simulated data. In addition, we assessed the variability ratio in 52 RCTs involving 15 360 patients with a schizophrenia or schizoaffective diagnosis. The variability was slightly lower in the treatment compared with the control group (variability ratio = 0.97; 95% CI, 0.95-0.99; P = .01). In this study, no evidence was found in RCTs that antipsychotic drugs increased the outcome variance, suggesting no personal element of response to treatment but instead indicating that the variance was slightly lower in the treatment group than in the control group; although the study cannot rule out that subsets of patients respond differently to treatment, it suggests that the averagetreatment effect is a reasonable assumption for the individual patient.

Ombudsmandens personlige prægning af ombudsmandskontrollen

The term ombudsman is a double reference and the ombudsman is thus a person as well as an institution. is applies for the Danish Parliamentary Ombudsman. In most legal theory on the ombudsman the institutional perspective is prevalent and the ombudsman is to a wide extent perceived through the same legal lenses as e.g. the courts as protectors of citizens’ rights. is approach is challenged in this article that focuses on the ombudsman as a person and as a personi ed control body. e following analysis comprises discussions of the personal element of the ombudsman vis-à-vis the selection of suitable cases and vis-à-vis the general interpretative strategies towards signi cant parts of the ombudsman review activities. Moreover, the article sheds light on the recent revision of the Danish ombudsman act limiting the employment period of a given ombudsman to ten years. e ombudsman is still appointed by the Parliament, however, and the ombudsman will continuously operate in a complex political-legal landscape.

Writing Women's Lives: One Historian's Perspective

From the start, biography played a vibrant and significant part in the growth of women's history, especially American women's history, as a well-respected and popular field within the historical profession. The insistence of feminist biographers that the personal is political, and that attention must be paid to the daily lives of their subjects as well as to their more public achievements, continues to ripple through the field of biography as a whole. To talk about biography is also to talk about the biographer, for the precise reason that behind every biography lies autobiography—that special spark that draws the biographer to the subject in the first place and the interaction that unfolds as the project moves forward (or stalls, as often happens). As feminist theory reminds us, the personal element is relevant to the broader intellectual agenda.