THE COMMON ERRORS IN THE LEARNING OF THE SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS

The purpose of this study is to understand the causes of common errors and misconceptions in the learning attainment of simultaneous equations, specifically on linear and non-linear equations with two unknowns. The participants consisted of 30 Year 9 students in one of the elite government schools in Brunei Darussalam. Further analyses of their work led to the categorisation of four factors derived from the recurring patterns and occurrences. These four factors are complicating the subject, wrong substitution of the subject, mathematical error and irrational error in solving the question. These factors usually cause participants to make errors or simply misconceptions that usually led them to errors in solving simultaneous equations.

ANALISIS KESALAHAN MAHASISWA PGSD DALAM MENYELESAIKAN MASALAH GEOMETRI

One of the courses have often difficult by pre service teacher in primary education is Geometry, evidently by learning outcome that are still low. Difficulties experienced by students led to an error occurred in solving problem in geometry. Errors that occur when students solve problems in geometry really need to be known, especially the type of error. One of procedure that can be used to reveal the student error is Newman procedure. This research employed a descriptive qualitative method that aimed to analyze the errors of pre service teacher in primary education when solve the problems in geometry. Participants in this research were two students who have taken the courses of Geometry and meet the criteria which is experiencing a mathematical error. Data collection technique use a question sheet and interviews. Question sheet given in order to analyze student errors that appear. While the interviews were conducted to confirm the results of student work. The results showed that the four stages of the procedure of Newman Error Analyze that comprehension, transformation, process skill and encoding occur mathematical error, logical error and strategic error. Furthermore, as new findings in this research, the error experienced by the students at this stage of the procedure Newman can cause errors in the later stages.

Estimation of inertial sensors error impact on platformless inertial navigation system accuracy

The study describes a mathematical error model of a platformless inertial navigation system and focuses on using Allan variance as a method for estimating such instrumental errors of sensors, such as zero signal bias instability, angle random walk and rate random walk. The paper shows the results of the work of the mathematical error model, the model being constructed using the estimated instrumental errors of a sample of sensor assembly which consists of three ring laser gyroscopes and a three-axis accelerometer unit.

A solution to the hand-eye calibration in the manner of the absolute orientation problem

Purpose This paper aims to introduce a simple hand-eye calibration method that can be easily applied with different objective functions. Design/methodology/approach The hand-eye calibration is solved by using the closed form absolute orientation equations. Instead of processing all samples together, the proposed method goes through all minimal solution sets. Final result is chosen after evaluating the solution set for arbitrary objectives. In this stage, outliers can be excluded optionally if more accuracy is desired. Findings The proposed method is very flexible and gives more accurate and convenient results than the existing solutions. The mathematical error expression defined by the calibration equations may not be valid in practice, where especially systematic distortions are present. It is shown in the simulations that the solution which results the least mathematical error in systems may have incorrect, incompatible results in the presence of practical demands. Research limitations/implications The performance of the calibration performed with the proposed method is compared with the reference methods in the literature. When the back-projection error is benchmarked, which corresponds to the point repeatability, the proposed approach is considered as the most successful method among all others. Due to its robustness, it is decided to make tooling-sensor calibrations by the recommended method, in the robotic non-destructive testing station in Ford-OTOSAN Kocaeli Plant Body Shop Department. Originality/value Arranging the well-known AX = XB calibration equation in quaternion representation as Q_A = Q_x × Q_B × Q_x reveals another common spatial rotation equation. In this way, absolute orientation solution satisfies the hand-eye calibration equations. The proposed solution is not presented in the literature as a standalone hand-eye calibration method, although some researchers drop a hint to the relative formulations.