LES DEFIS DU DROIT INTERNATIONAL PUBLIC CONTEMPORAIN

Les discours purement rhétorique par les États ne seront retranchés des relations internationales, comme le prouve lorsque la participation de l’individu dans ces relations est le fait efficace. En fin de compte, il y a encore de nombreux obstacles à des préjugés politiques et juridiques. Par conséquent, le principe de la prévalence des droits de l’homme est apparue comme une véritable ligne directrice du comportement de l’État, que ce soit au niveau international, que ce soit en interne. En raison du principe de la prévalence des droits de l’homme sont nés en droit international, ce qui lui donne le statut de primate norme sur le droit interne, comme le montre. La primauté du droit international sur le droit national résulte de la force obligatoire des normes créées par les sujets DIP dans la société internationale. Cependant, la nature juridique de ce principe était au-delà des règles « typiques » du droit international, on a vu que sa pertinence normatif axé sur les besoins historiques et sociaux pour protéger les droits de l’homme soulevées à la catégorie des jus cogens. Il a été démontré que la force probante signifie l’imposition au-delà de la volonté des Etats comme le manque d’intérêt des États à l’égard des droits de l’homme reste visible à travers les nombreuses condamnations dans les tribunaux internationaux des droits, sans parler des plaintes aux organes compétents.

L’IDENTITÉ MULTICULTURELLE DE LA CONSTITUTION BRÉSILIENNE: UNE LECTURE DE LA CONSTITUTION EN FAVEUR DES MINORITÉS CULTURELLES

Notre problématique principale est centrée sur le défi de répondre à la question de savoir comment pouvons-nous mieux accommoder les minorités culturelles, en protégeant leur droit fondamental à la culture au sein des États démocratiques libéraux. Notre effort est d’élaborer une raison juridique qui est fondée sur les droits de l’homme et guidée par une philosophie politique normative. Cette raison juridique, pour sa part, a un objectif principal: elle essaie de construire des propositions substantielles pour que les minorités culturelles puissent être inclues et « accommodées » dans leurs sociétés. Il est donc nécessaire de construire une trajectoire pour l’inclusion de nos minorités culurelles. Nous croyons que cette trajectoire passe par la solidification de l’identité constitutionnelle brésilienne: les droits fondamentaux.

THE NON-CRIMINALIZATION PRINCIPLE IN ACCORDANCE TO THE NEW BRAZILIAN MIGRATION LAW

In the study of migration, one aspect that deserves special attention is the tendency of immigrant’s criminalization by host countries and the mechanisms of international and domestic law to suppress such phenomenon. Hence, the purpose of this article is precisely to address these mechanisms and develop the theoretical construction of the “non- criminalization principle”.

NATIONALITY IN BRAZILIAN LAW

This paper aims to present the rules of nationality in brazilian law. Therefore, it will demonstrate the constitutional cases of how nationality can be acquired and lost; and the possible distinctions between birth and naturalized nationals in the brazilian law.

THE INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENT AGREEMENT NOWADAYS: FROM THE CONSENT TO ITS SOCIAL FUNCTION AS A GUARANTOR OF THE INTERESTS OF CITIZENS

At the center of a globalized world and under intense transnational financial circulation, there is the foreign investment. In this sense, investigating the realization of the social and economic functions of the Foreign Investment Agreement is an insurmountable necessity for understanding its effects on the citizenship rights. Therefore, it was discussed the rapid and multiple transformations that the International Investment Law has been supporting over time and the direct reflection on the formation of the Foreign Investment Contracts that, nowadays, require complex answers to the achievement of legal security.

LABOR LAW, CLT AND THE 2017 BRAZILIAN LABOR REFORM

This study seeks to present to a foreign audience a brief description of the development of the Brazilian Labor Law, up to the Labor Reform approved by Law No. 13,467/2017, which significantly altered the nature of labor relations through amendments made to the texts of the “Consolidação das Leis do Trabalho - CLT” (Consolidation of Labor Laws - CLT), of Law No. 6,019/1974 and of other labor laws. The aim of this study is to analyze the Labor Reform within the historical context, with emphasis on its material aspects especially regarding the Collective Labor Law and Labor Union Law.

ON THE BALANCING OF RIGHTS AND THE PROPORTIONALITY OF JUDICIAL DECISIONS: IS IT NOT MORE FICTION THAN REALITY?

This is a research paper on the prevalence of interests and values of the highest social groups against the interests and values of subordinate social groups, such as migrants, even in judicial decisions of apparently individual conflicts involving only plaintiff and defendant. Individual rights, on which the modern Government was structured, tend to prevail over social rights. This prevalence is crucial even in the context of the theory of constitutional rights of Robert Alexy, who states equal importance to individual or social rights and that, because of the proportionality, there would be a chance that social rights would prevail. It is even possible to say that each collision of rights will be determined proportionally and differently, but the proportionality does not confer rationality to the discretion needed to justify the decision. The proportional decision has more to do with the chosen criterion than the conflicting rights.

GLOBAL ENERGY GOVERNANCE THROUGH INTERGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS: ANALYSIS OF THE FEASIBILITY OF IMPLEMENTATION

This paper analyzes the current factors causing an energy crisis, including depletion of the natural resources, geopolitical tensions, energy security, search for climate stability and absence of universal access to energy. Through the deductive method, the study analyzes if investments are considered as a possible solution to promote sustainable energy. It assesses the current position of intergovernmental organizations linked in some way to the topic of energy, such as the WTO, ECT, G8, G20, IEF, IEA and OPEC, to identify whether the initiatives are being developed and the political will to do so. Some organizations are connected but with limited and insufficient focus. Funding initiatives are below of what is necessary to achieve the goals considered relevant. In the absence of a global governance of energy due to the lack of sufficient cooperation and collaboration of international actors to efficiently mitigate the energy crisis. The challenge is to alter from high to low carbon economy, and the shift from fossil fuels to renewable energy will contribute substantially to this transition. It concludes the necessity of cooperation between organizations such as IRENA and ONU’s programme Sustainable Energy for All, which have the potential to become catalysts for a new trend.

EDUCATION AS A TOOL OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL DUTY TO TACKLE HOMOPHOBIA: POTENTIALITIES AND STRUGGLES

This article aims to analyze the role the school can play in the struggle against homophobia. The first part will examine homophobia, understood as an injustice in the cultural field that derives from a model of compulsory heterosexuality and male domination, which calls for politics of recognition. Then it will be analyzed in what fashion these politics of recognition are set on the Constitution of 1988, in order to conclude that it establishes an obligation of the State to adopt them. On the basis of this premise, the third part examines the privileged potential that school assumes in this scenario, addressing the central role it plays in the production of homophobia and the role it may play in its unmaking. Finally, the debates and tensions regarding the subject will be analyzed, especially those that arose of conservative and religious discourse and the formulation of the category of “gender ideology”.