Emerging Platform Work in the Context of the Regulatory Loophole (The Uber Fiasco in Hungary)

Platform works are swiftly turning into a big, perhaps game-changing force in the labor market. From low-skilled, low-paid services (like passenger transport) to high-skilled, high-paying project-based labor (like developing artificial intelligence algorithms), digital platforms can handle a wide range of tasks. Our paper discusses the platform-based content, working conditions, employment status, and advocacy problems. Terminological and methodological problems are dealt with in-depth in the course of the literature review, together with the ‘gray areas’ of work and employment regulation. To examine some of the complex dynamics of this fast-evolving arena, we focus on the unsuccessful market entry of the digital platform company Uber in Hungary 2016 and the relationship to institutional-regulatory platform-based work standards. Dilemmas about the enforcement of labor law regarding platform-based work are also paid special attention to the study. Employing a digital workforce is a challenge not only for labor law regulation but also for stakeholder advocacy.

New technologies` impact on workforce and labor law

If we look back, evaluating the last two centuries, the productive environments of our societies have experienced several industrial revolutions that caused great changes in production and that, in turn, generated important changes in societies at all times. Likewise, the digital transformation that has been incorporated into the bases of companies, each one in its measure, has not yet reached its maximum potential, but it has changed the way we live and, therefore, the way we work. Historically, automation has come from the hand of specialization, not because of the manufacture of tractors the land has been stopped, but more has been produced and that production has been managed in favor of employment and economic health. Technological transformations hand in hand with digitalization and artificial intelligence generate opportunities, but they also represent a threat to a good part of traditional jobs and professions, since changes are rapid and the impact of new technologies is much greater; thus, the change in the training and qualification of workers is necessary. Like the looms in the 18th century and the production models at the beginning of the 20th, digital transformation is our present, but it will be much more powerful in the future, as it entails and will entail a redefinition of the labor market and the law that governs it. regulates. Globalization and technological changes have generated a need to address labor law from a global perspective; Furthermore, this right must not only be active, but also effective, solid, in accordance with international decent work standards.

LABOR ECONOMICS AND LABOR LAW: METHODOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF CORRELATION

The article reveals the features of solving the problems of labor activity, proceeding from the study of the foundations of labor economics (as a direction of economic science, directly dealing with such problems) and the provisions of labor law (which regulate the process of ensuring everyone the right to work), taking into account the methodological aspects of correlation. It has been established that labor activity is a special form of professional activity of individuals, which is due to the use of scientific and technical means. It has been determined that one of the main problems of labor economics is the problem of a low level of labor productivity, the solution of which is possible through the development of scientific and technological progress, improvement of existing or development and implementation of new resource-saving technologies, improvement of the production process of product, automation of the production process, taking into account aspects of social processes and guarantees of ensuring the optimal level of remuneration and an appropriate level of social protection, the development of education and science, ensuring an adequate level of health care, guaranteeing labor safety, continuous improvement of qualifications and professionalism by employees. It has been proved that the efficiency of an individual's labor activity depends on his motivation. It was found that one of the problems underlying the economic science of labor is the problem of regulating the personal life and work activities of young professionals in the labor market, in particular – at the expense of ensuring decent working conditions and the right to an adequate level of remuneration. It was determined that in the implementation of strategically established tasks and priorities for the development of labor activity, a special role is played by the observance of the provisions of labor law. Labor law should provide for the proper regulation of relations in labor activity is provided, based on society's perceptions of aspects such as fairness and the framework of freedom. It has been established that changes in labor law for the better in accordance with the needs of the labor market will contribute to an increase in the level of labor productivity, an increase in the level of employment among the population, influence an increase in the level and efficiency of production, an increase in the level of wages, etc. It is noted that the prospects for further research in this direction should be the research of the features and practical aspects of the correlation of professionalism, professional culture, professional competence and professional training in labor activity.

theoretical framework for impact assessment of the labor code on enterprises

Labor law plays an important role in regulating the relationship between employees and employers. The Labor Code has made more effective adjustments to enterprises to ensure the interests of employers. However, some regulations still do not meet the requirements set out at the current stage. The article researches the theoretical framework to assess the impact of the Labor Code on enterprises to reflect between the legal theory and the actual law implementation. On that basis, the article will propose solutions to improve the provisions of the Labor Code for enterprises to establish a solid legal corridor to ensure the development of enterprises in the current period.

LEGAL STATUS OF THE MEDIATOR

The purpose of this article is to analyze the legal status of the mediator in mediation proceedings, focusing primarily on mediators who have been appointed to handle cases in the field of labor law. In the presented publication, I will refer to the legal requirements with respect to the mediator, which are indicate d both in the provisions of law and in the provisions of statutory rank, and the requirements that are not of a normative nature.

ON THE BASICS OF THE AXIOLOGY OF POLISH LABOR LAW IN THE REGULATION CONCERNING THE EMPLOYMENT AGREEMENT OF WHITE-COLLAR WORKERS

This study is an attempt to answer the question whether the issues that have the fundamental subject of the world of values were included in the first Polish unified labor law regulations. The article, that due to the temporal scope, should be treated, however, as a contribution to contemporary studies as well as the resulting extensive analyzes of axiology.

LEGAL CLAIM OF A MILITARIZED FORMATION OFFICER FOR ADMISSION TO SERVICE

Employment in militarized services should be of interest not only to representatives of the doctrine of administrative law, but also to labor law. One-sided approach to these issues (only from the perspective of one field of law) gives an incomplete picture and forces to use certain simplifications. The article deals with the issue of the possibility of a militarized service officer claiming to be admitted to service. The analyzed issue was presented in a comparative legal aspect. The aim of the article is to answer the question whether, in the event of an officer not admitting to the service, he has a claim similar to the employee’s claim for admission to work.

EXTENSION OF LABOR LAW PROTECTION STANDARDS IN THE ASPECT OF FIXED-TERM CONTRACTS OF ACADEMIC TEACHERS. COMMENTS DE LEGE LATA AND DE LEGE FERENDA

This paper attempts to determine the scope of protection of academic teachers in the context of repeated concluding fixed-term contracts and the partial exclusion by the Act on higher education of the application of Art. 25(1) of the KP to employment contracts of this group of employees. The author does not intend to duplicate the extensive literature in this area presented by labor law doctrine. In this publication, the author defends the thesis that the employment relationship of an academic teacher should be subject to a broader impact of the protective provisions of the Labor Code, including the protective function of labor law, in a situation where there are no normative obstacles to extending such impact.