Taguchi Philosophy of Engineering Quality

Most technology development engineers use traditional reliability engineering methods to calibrate the objective functions of their new systems to meet various marketing requirements. Quality is related to products and services to customer satisfaction. Cost reduction and quality improvement is vital to business. Therefore it is no surprise that both consumers and management are so obsessed with the term quality that a separate branch of quality engineering has been developed. Quite a few glorified terminologies have cropped up such as total quality management (TQM), Quality Function Development (QFD), ISO9000, Continuous quality improvement or KAIZEN, and more popularly six sigma design. These are management-oriented and rather incomprehensible to an average engineer. In contrast, Taguchi methods are easier to comprehend and adopt. They are also based on some common sense ideas. The management's interest was evoked owing to the claimed economic consequences of Taguchi methods of reduced cost with improved quality and consequent consumer satisfaction.

Unequal education opportunity in Pakistan for rural and urban areas and its evolution

Since independence, with the expansion of the scale of Pakistani’s education, the level of education, urban and rural residents has been improving year by year, but the educational inequality problems have not been effectively solved. The Survey of the last two decades shows the influence of education, household registration, family, social and economic status, parental education, a number of brothers and sisters, which has been evaluated on three factors high school, college, and university. The study found that the high school entrance opportunity differences in urban and rural areas have not been changed, technical college, college, or university entrance opportunities between urban and rural areas have potentially expanded, father’s occupational status affects children’s education but other factors remain same. The study shows that since 1981 no obvious change in unequal educational opportunities, the other rising trend in educational inequality due to the different number of brothers and sisters. The study shows that after the independence of Pakistan, the education structures and evolution of inequality should be focused on people’s micro mechanism of education decision.

Factors effecting growth, properties and quality of beef meat

Nowadays consumers are highly interested in the quality of the products they eat, especially when this refers to meat. Consumption of meat from ruminant animals and its derivatives is on the increase, particularly in Pakistan. Current analysis is a review of the different factors that affect meat quality in ruminants. Some factors throughout the entire meat chain are analyzed, or rather, from those that producers underscore to improve the quality of their products to those related with consumers´ habits and beliefs. Most of the papers reviewed have been developed by researchers involved in the meat quality in collaboration with Pakistani or international groups.

Identification of Genes involved in Postaxial Polydactyly, Sample of FATA territory, Pakistan

Postaxial Polydactyly (PAP) is characterized by fifth digit duplication in hands and/or feet. Two types of PAP including PAP-A, representing the development of well-formed extra digit, and PAP-B, representing the presence of rudimentary fifth digit, have been described. Both isolated and syndromic forms of PAP have been reported. Isolated forms of PAP usually segregate as an autosomal dominant trait and to date four loci have been identified. In the present study, we have described mapping of the first locus of autosomal recessive PAP type A on chromosome 13q13.3–13q21.2 in a consanguineous Pakistani family. In family with autosomal dominant forms of postaxial polydactyly, most of the affected individuals exhibit features representing type A PAP (Zhao et al.,2002; Galjaardet et al.,2003). In the respected family mapped on chromosome 13q13.3– 13q21.2, affected individuals showed the additional features of postaxial polydactyly.Several locus of causative genes are involved in this disease. To check the specified locus we use several microsatellite markers (D13S1246, D13S218, D13S1288, D13S1233, D13S263, D13S1312, D13S153, D13S328, D13S119, D13S632, D13S889,D4S90, D4S2936, D4S111, D4S43, D4S16114, D4S95, D4S127, D4S126, D4S179, D4S432, D4S2957, D4S431, D4S2366, D4S2935, D4S3007, D4S412, D4S3023, D4S2285 ). All the affected individuals showed no homozygosity. Genetic mapping of all the affected individuals showed that noval genes are responsible for the disease. In future, we will work on and try to find out the causative genes.

Resident’s Awareness Towards Sustainable Tourism for Ecotourism Destination in Sundarban Forest, Bangladesh

Nature-based tourism is increasing throughout the world. Most are based in national parks and restricted areas. UNESCO has declared 28% of the world‟s largest contiguous mangrove forest, the Sundarban, as a world heritage site in 1987. Sundarban is the largest mangrove forest in the world, which is facing various kinds of threats. More than millions of people depends on cutting the tree, hunting animal other sources that are related with Sundarban. Negative natural and anthropogenic impacts and over-exploitation of natural resources have caused severe harm to the ecosystem. A growing human population with few different support opportunities poses a significant threat to the mangrove forest. There is an illegal increase in the reduction of trees and woods in the Sundarban. Deforestation is taking an increase in most of the areas of Sundarban which will ultimately lead to the loss of diversity. The problem of overfishing has placed the surroundings below great pressure. The stock of the fish is decreasing due to the combination of overexploitation and environmental condition changes. The density of the fish in shallow waters reduced enormously. Because of the excessive demand for the prawn product, the native people dropped the normal fishing practices and adopted the prawn seed culture. Earlier traditional agricultural strategies were practiced. But today, people are adopting the techniques of using pesticides and chemicals that are affecting the flora and fauna of the region. The dumping of various industrial and domestic wastes into the river systems also possesses a threat to the environment. This forest ecosystem conjointly has become at risk of pollution, which can have modified the ecosystem. This paper suggests that nature-oriented tourism destination Sundarban can achieve sustainability through public awareness. Well-planned sustainable tourism and residence awareness could provide economic and long-term incentives for conservation and could bring additional benefits to local communities and regional economies. The paper focuses on how to increase residence awareness.