The existing electric power grid is reliable enough to meet everyday
needs of U.S. electricity users. However, the grid needs major
infrastructure upgrades to meet the rising demands for a reliable,
resilient, and secure electricity delivery. Drivers to modernize the grid
include increased demand for clean sources of energy, growing number of
renewable energy sources on the grid and customer participation in power
generation. Smart grid technologies are critical for monitoring, managing
and controlling the power grid. Energy storage introduces an important new
dimension on the grid, the ability to store electricity at one time and
release the stored electricity for use at another time. Flow batteries are
one type of energy storage technologies that are well suited for large-scale
utility application on the grid. Currently, vanadium redox ow batteries are
the most common used utility-scaled ow batteries.