Amlodipine and Landmark Trials: A Review

High blood pressure is considered one of the major risk factors for heart disease. In addition to evidence of low heart disease and death with adequate control of blood pressure, antihypertensive treatment is still less effective in clinical practice. It is well documented that there is a decrease in cardiovascular events, such as stroke and MI, with potent therapies to combat high blood pressure. This, however, is generally believed to be the result of a phase. This review paper includes and focuses on evidence from clinical trials in support of amlodipine as a first-line anti-hypertensive agent, showing how its unique properties can provide better cardiovascular protection compared to other antihypertensive agents to prevent stroke and cardiovascular disease. Evidence from the many randomized controlled trials presented below shows that amlodipine has excellent efficacy and safety, as a first-rate anti-hypertensive agent not only to control BP but also to safely improve patient outcomes. Patients treated with this drug have benefited as they have fewer hospitals and lower rates of recovery. Its unique mechanism of action leads to a reduction in the development of atherosclerosis. In addition, amlodipine with effective BP control for 24 hours may also be helpful as an adjunct to the treatment of patients with renal impairment by reducing the progression of end-stage renal disease.

Hemodynamics in the Aorta and Pulmonary Arteries of Congenital Heart Disease Patients: A Mini Review

Congenital heart disease, which affects more than one million newborns globally each year, contributes to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and ultimately reduced life expectancy. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) enables detailed, non-invasive characterization of complex physiological pressure and flow fields, thus improving our understanding of congenital heart disease hemodynamics. In recent years, this has driven clinical decision-making, surgical planning, and the evaluation of innovative surgical techniques. In this mini review, CFD methods applied to the study of congenital abnormalities, with a focus on the aorta and pulmonary bifurcation, are discussed. The clinical relevance and future directions of CFD modelling are also reviewed.