Relative Incidence and Alternative Approaches for Surgical Drainage of Different Types of Deep Neck Abscesses in Children

1997 ◽  
Vol 123 (12) ◽  
pp. 1271-1275 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. S. Choi ◽  
L. G. Vezina ◽  
K. M. Grundfast
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Drainage ◽  
Relative Incidence ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Alternative Approaches

scholarly journals How to measure uncertainty in uncertainty sampling for active learning

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vu-Linh Nguyen ◽  
Mohammad Hossein Shaker ◽  
Eyke Hüllermeier
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Active Learning ◽  
Sampling Strategies ◽  
Total Uncertainty ◽  
Uncertainty Sampling ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Alternative Approaches ◽  
Active Learner ◽  
Probabilistic Nature ◽  
Different Sources

AbstractVarious strategies for active learning have been proposed in the machine learning literature. In uncertainty sampling, which is among the most popular approaches, the active learner sequentially queries the label of those instances for which its current prediction is maximally uncertain. The predictions as well as the measures used to quantify the degree of uncertainty, such as entropy, are traditionally of a probabilistic nature. Yet, alternative approaches to capturing uncertainty in machine learning, alongside with corresponding uncertainty measures, have been proposed in recent years. In particular, some of these measures seek to distinguish different sources and to separate different types of uncertainty, such as the reducible (epistemic) and the irreducible (aleatoric) part of the total uncertainty in a prediction. The goal of this paper is to elaborate on the usefulness of such measures for uncertainty sampling, and to compare their performance in active learning. To this end, we instantiate uncertainty sampling with different measures, analyze the properties of the sampling strategies thus obtained, and compare them in an experimental study.

QUALITATIVE STUDIES OF SOIL MICRO-ORGANISMS: II. A SURVEY OF THE BACTERIAL FLORA OF SOILS DIFFERING IN FERTILITY

1938 ◽  
Vol 16c (4) ◽  
pp. 162-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. B. Taylor ◽  
A. G. Lochhead
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Flora ◽  
General Character ◽  
Relative Incidence ◽  
Single Culture ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Selective Basis ◽  
Qualitative Nature ◽  
Micro Organisms ◽  
Bacterial Groups ◽  
Biochemical Action

Investigations were made, on a non-selective basis, of the qualitative nature and relative incidence of the different types of the bacterial flora of three soils differing in fertility. The organisms were classified into eight groups. Non-spore-forming short rods, of which five groups were recognized, comprised nearly 90% of all types. Gram-negative short rods formed the most prevalent single group, rather more numerous than Gram-positive short rods. Gram-variable short rods, coccoid rods and pleomorphic rods (Bact. globiforme) were regarded as definite groups. Cocci, non-spore-forming long rods and spore-formers were less prominent soil types.In spite of unequal productivity, the soils showed no outstanding differences in the relative incidence of the bacterial groups. Certain groups showed some indication of seasonal and cropping effect. The results suggest that the general character of the autochthonous (indigenous) soil flora is relatively uniform in soil of definite type, even though productivity may be greatly altered by manurial treatment.The predominant soil bacteria appear relatively inactive in single culture. Moreover considerable divergence in biochemical action was shown by apparently closely related forms. It is suggested that the bacterial flora is relatively unstable physiologically, with considerable adaptability, and that the functions of the different species are exercised most fully only under conditions of association.

scholarly journals Emotional Speech Recognition Based on the Committee of Classifiers

Entropy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (10) ◽  
pp. 920 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorota Kamińska
Keyword(s):  
Speech Recognition ◽  
Emotion Recognition ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Classification Methods ◽  
Emotional Speech ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
Alternative Approaches ◽  
Emotional Speech Recognition ◽  
Different Content

This article presents the novel method for emotion recognition from speech based on committee of classifiers. Different classification methods were juxtaposed in order to compare several alternative approaches for final voting. The research is conducted on three different types of Polish emotional speech: acted out with the same content, acted out with different content, and spontaneous. A pool of descriptors, commonly utilized for emotional speech recognition, expanded with sets of various perceptual coefficients, is used as input features. This research shows that presented approach improve the performance with respect to a single classifier.

scholarly journals Managing clustering effects and learning effects in the design and analysis of multicentre randomised trials: A survey to establish current practice

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth J. Conroy ◽  
Jane M. Blazeby ◽  
Girvan Burnside ◽  
Jonathan A Cook ◽  
Carrol Gamble
Keyword(s):  
Current Practice ◽  
Face Validity ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Learning Effects ◽  
Treatment Provider ◽  
Intervention Delivery ◽  
Multicentre Trials ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Alternative Approaches ◽  
Question Survey

Abstract Background Patient outcomes can depend on the treating centre, or health professional, delivering the intervention. Skills of health professionals improve with experience in delivery, meaning that outcomes may also be associated with changes in skill, or learning. Considering any potential difference in intervention delivery at trial design will ensure that any adjustments can be made, as appropriate, at the analysis. The objective of this work was to establish current practice for the allowance of clustering and learning effects in the design and analysis of randomised multicentre trials. Methods A ten-question survey was developed comprising open and closed questions that drew upon quotes from existing guidelines, references to relevant publications, and example trial scenarios. It was piloted and checked for face validity within the research team. All registered UK Clinical Research Collaborative registered Clinical Trials Units were invited to participate. Results Completed surveys were obtained from 44 of 50 Units. Clustering was managed through design by stratification, commonly by centre and less commonly by treatment provider. Most Units had allowed for learning by design through defining a minimum level of expertise for treatment provider (89%). One third of Units reported experience of expertise-based designs. The majority of Units indicated experience in adjusting for clustering during analysis, by centre or treatment provider, although approaches to doing so varied. Analysis of learning was rarely performed for the main analysis (n=1), although many Units reported approaches to consider such effects, such as sensitivity analyses. Responders provided insight behind the approaches used within their Unit and reasons for, or against, alternative approaches. Conclusion This survey identifies widespread awareness of the potential methodological challenges associated with the design and analysis of multicentre trials, although approaches used and opinions on these vary. These results suggest that variation in approaches used exists both across Units and within, suggesting that this decision can depend on the type of trial being conducted. Reasons for approaches were provided and approaches justified by responders. These results highlight the need for more agreement between triallists about how to best design and analyse trials of different types and/or further research to establish optimal methods.

scholarly journals Das Wechselspiel zwischen Lexikon und Diskurs.

2019 ◽  
Vol 96 (3) ◽  
pp. 133-156
Author(s):  
Tilo Weber
Keyword(s):  
Language Use ◽  
Construction Grammar ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
German Language ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Alternative Approaches

Based on data mostly taken from corpora of written German language use, this paper analyzes linguistic phenomena of different kinds from the point of view of their schematicity. The focus is, first, directed to proverbs and their contextually adapted variants, to phraseologisms in a broader sense and to other types of expressions that seem to represent structural and functional schemes. Attention is then payed to a particular case of phraseological pattern which is referred to as the X ist das neue Y-construction (‘X is the new Y’-construction). It is argued that a construction grammar approach to language use is most appropriate to account for the different types and degrees of schematicity that can be observed in the data and that it is both more general and more explicit than alternative approaches provided, among others, by paremiologists.

The extinction time of a general birth and death process with catastrophes

1986 ◽  
Vol 23 (04) ◽  
pp. 851-858 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Brockwell
Keyword(s):  
Laplace Transform ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Sufficient Conditions ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient Conditions ◽  
Death Process ◽  
Extinction Time ◽  
Birth And Death Process ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Laplace Transform ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient

The Laplace transform of the extinction time is determined for a general birth and death process with arbitrary catastrophe rate and catastrophe size distribution. It is assumed only that the birth rates satisfyλ0= 0,λj> 0 for eachj> 0, and. Necessary and sufficient conditions for certain extinction of the population are derived. The results are applied to the linear birth and death process (λj=jλ, µj=jμ) with catastrophes of several different types.

Differentiating between different forms of moral obligations

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajen A. Anderson ◽  
Benjamin C. Ruisch ◽  
David A. Pizarro
Keyword(s):  
Moral Character ◽  
Moral Obligations ◽  
Different Types

Abstract We argue that Tomasello's account overlooks important psychological distinctions between how humans judge different types of moral obligations, such as prescriptive obligations (i.e., what one should do) and proscriptive obligations (i.e., what one should not do). Specifically, evaluating these different types of obligations rests on different psychological inputs and has distinct downstream consequences for judgments of moral character.

Ultrastructural Investigations of the Contractile Filaments of Amoebae

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 188-189
Author(s):  
P.L. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Cytoplasmic Streaming ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Freeze Fracture ◽  
Amoeboid Movement ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Chemical Conditions ◽  
Complete Interpretation

Previous freeze fracture results on the intact giant, amoeba Chaos carolinensis indicated the presence of a fibrillar arrangement of filaments within the cytoplasm. A complete interpretation of the three dimensional ultrastructure of these structures, and their possible role in amoeboid movement was not possible, since comparable results could not be obtained with conventional fixation of intact amoebae. Progress in interpreting the freeze fracture images of amoebae required a more thorough understanding of the different types of filaments present in amoebae, and of the ways in which they could be organized while remaining functional.The recent development of a calcium sensitive, demembranated, amoeboid model of Chaos carolinensis has made it possible to achieve a better understanding of such functional arrangements of amoeboid filaments. In these models the motility of demembranated cytoplasm can be controlled in vitro, and the chemical conditions necessary for contractility, and cytoplasmic streaming can be investigated. It is clear from these studies that “fibrils” exist in amoeboid models, and that they are capable of contracting along their length under conditions similar to those which cause contraction in vertebrate muscles.

Study of the Molecular Architecture of Keratin Filaments by Electron Microscopy

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 118-119
Author(s):  
U. Aebi ◽  
P. Rew ◽  
T.-T. Sun
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Structural Organization ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Molecular Architecture ◽  
The Past ◽  
Keratin Filaments ◽  
Different Types ◽  
10 Nm Filaments ◽  
Different Cell Types

Various types of intermediate-sized (10-nm) filaments have been found and described in many different cell types during the past few years. Despite the differences in the chemical composition among the different types of filaments, they all yield common structural features: they are usually up to several microns long and have a diameter of 7 to 10 nm; there is evidence that they are made of several 2 to 3.5 nm wide protofilaments which are helically wound around each other; the secondary structure of the polypeptides constituting the filaments is rich in ∞-helix. However a detailed description of their structural organization is lacking to date.

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