Métodos tradicionales de caza y Directiva de aves silvestres. Comentario al asunto C-900/19, One Voice, STJUE DE 17-03-2021

LABURPENA: Iruzkin honek Europar Batasuneko Justizia Auzitegiaren (EBJA) epai bat aztertzen du, ehiza-metodo debekatuei buruzkoa, bereziki, liga itsasgarria erabiliz eta 2009/147 Zuzentarauan, basa-hegaztiak babesteari buruzkoan, jasotako salbuespenetako bat aplikatzeko aukerari buruzkoa. Horrek aukera ematen du [art. 9.1.c)] hertsiki kontrolatutako baldintzetan eta modu selektiboan, zenbait hegazti kopuru txikietan harrapatzea, atxikitzea edo zentzuzko beste edozein ustiapen. Epaiak selektibitatearen nozioa aztertzen du eta harrapaketa-metodo hilgarriak edo ez-hilgarriak bereizten ditu. Hala ere, liga metodo selektibo gisa erabiltzea zalantzan jartzen du, eta, nolanahi ere, edozein erabaki ezagutza zientifiko onenetan oinarrituta egotea eskatzen du. EBJAk ezarritako baldintzek nabarmen mugatzen dute metodo horren erabilera. ABSTRACT: This comment examines a judgment of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) concerning prohibited hunting methods, in particular, adhesive-covered twigs and the exception set out in Directive 20097147, on the conservation of wild birds. This directive allows, under strictly supervised conditions and on a selective basis, the capture, keeping or other judicious use of certain birds in small numbers. The judgment examines the notion of “selective basis” and draws a distinction between lethal and non-lethal hunting methods. Nevertheless, it questions the use of adhesive-covered twigs, demanding that any national decision be based on the best available scientific knowledge. The conditions imposed by the CJEU severely restrict the use of this method. RESUMEN: El presente comentario examina una sentencia del Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea (TJUE) sobre los métodos prohibidos de caza, en particular, mediante el empleo de la liga y la posibilidad de aplicar una de las excepciones contenidas en la Directiva 2009/147, relativa a la protección de las aves silvestres. Esta permite [art. 9.1.c)] en condiciones estrictamente controladas y de un modo selectivo, la captura, la retención o cualquier otra explotación prudente de determinadas aves en pequeñas cantidades. La sentencia examina la noción de selectividad y distingue entre métodos de captura letales o no letales. Sin embargo, cuestiona el uso de la liga como método selectivo, exigiendo, en todo caso, que cualquier decisión esté fundada en los mejores conocimientos científicos. Las condiciones impuestas por el TJUE limitan de manera evidente el posible uso de este método.

Ticks, Hair Loss, and Non-Clinging Babies: A Novel Tick-Based Hypothesis for the Evolutionary Divergence of Humans and Chimpanzees

Human straight-legged bipedalism represents one of the earliest events in the evolutionary split between humans (Homo spp.) and chimpanzees (Pan spp.), although its selective basis is a mystery. A carrying-related hypothesis has recently been proposed in which hair loss within the hominin lineage resulted in the inability of babies to cling to their mothers, requiring mothers to walk upright to carry their babies. However, a question remains for this model: what drove the hair loss that resulted in upright walking? Observers since Darwin have suggested that hair loss in humans may represent an evolutionary strategy for defence against ticks. The aim of this review is to propose and evaluate a novel tick-based evolutionary hypothesis wherein forest fragmentation in hominin paleoenvironments created conditions that were favourable for tick proliferation, selecting for hair loss in hominins and grooming behaviour in chimpanzees as divergent anti-tick strategies. It is argued that these divergent anti-tick strategies resulted in different methods for carrying babies, driving the locomotor divergence of humans and chimpanzees.

GROWTH OF SOMATIC STRUCTURES OF TWO-YEAR-OLD CARP (CYPRINUS CARPIO L.) WHEN USING TWO TYPES OF FEED

The paper provides information about the growth and development of somatic structures of two-year-old carp during the fattening period. In variant I, K-III compound feed was used (low-carb-monodiet), in variant II – Carp-38/12 (high-carb-monodiet), in variant III – KIII and Carp-38/12 (in different auto-feeders). The highest proportion of axial somatic structures was observed in fish of variant III (fish feeding on a selective basis) (P < 0.05). White muscles are also better developed in fish that eat complex feed (variant III). Compound feed Carp 38/12 does not increase the mass of white muscles (P < 0.05). The proportion of red muscles in fish that eat mixed feed with a low fat content (3.5%) is 45.5% lower than in variants II and III. The use of feed with different energy values and their combination in one pond affects the growth and development of the structure that determines the growth of fish species – the axial skeletal muscles. At the same time, the two-year-old fish species that received the most energy-intensive diet were the most well-fed. Two-year-old carp that received feed with different energy content and complex composition grow differently. This is primarily due to the growth of muscles, which is evidenced by allometric coefficients. The highest values of this parameter featuring positive allometry, were observed in two-year-old carp that received two compound feeds from different feeders (white muscles b = 1.106; red muscles b = 1.499; all muscles b = 1.125). The bionic method of feeding fish in combination with feeds of different energy values provides for strengthened growth of one of the most important body structures – the somatic muscle system. It is not only a biological component of the body that ensures the welfare of animals, but also a high-quality food source.

Ultra-Sensitive Point of Care Biosensor for Detecting Pathogeneses

Pathogen diseases cause considerable loses in production of food which impact human health from diverse bacterial/viral infections. Precise spotting and diagnosis of such infectious disease is significant to prevent it from further outbreak issues. Moreover, to detect this kind of diseases at an early stage with highly sensitive and selective basis is necessary to avoid the spread of invasive pathogens. The conventional methods such as ELISA, PCR techniques are currently in use to diagnose bacterial/viral disease with high throughput. Though these diagnostic techniques assist in detect and identify the diseases, there are few modern challenges to be meet in order to make this diagnostic more effective in recent days. In this paper, our designed device consists of Bionanosensor works on nucleic acid-based testing provides result with high specificity and selectivity which is vital for early stage identification in a rapid real-time effective manner

Evaluating Bariatric Surgical Risk Using Risk-Scoring Systems

Surgical risk assessment is a critical aspect of delivering safe bariatric and metabolic surgery care today. Years ago, there were no useful methodologies to differentiate morbidly obese patients based on surgical risk stratification. Today there are numerous available strategies that can identify patients at higher risk for complications and for otherwise poor results, such as insufficient weight loss and suboptimal resolution of comorbid medical conditions. These strategies can guide the preoperative evaluation, allow the provider to better inform the patient regarding risk, and allow for more aggressive perioperative care to be instituted on a selective basis, thus lowering overall costs of care. Identification of low-risk patients undergoing low-risk procedures has allowed for surgical treatment of some patients in free-standing surgical centers. In this chapter, we review available risk-stratification strategies that can be useful in the preoperative assessment of risk in the obese population undergoing bariatric surgery.

The new constraints of international integration of developing countries

The aim of this paper is to analyze the new integration conditions of developing countries into the international division of labor, taking into account the changes that it has undergone over the past three decades. It is a problematic that fits into the double logic of internalization economies striving to anchor since the 1980’s. On the one hand, we are witnessing the configuration of regional blocs, free trade areas and the growing economies globalization embodying the abolition of frontiers and allowing the more and freer international location of firms, on the other hand. We will try to explain, theoretically, how globalization has tended to rely on the conquest of specific skills rather than the exploitation of common factors obeying the logic of comparative advantage based on low production costs. On one side, the diffusion of technology leads to a restructuring process of international production systems following a selective basis, striking- first-the countries with natural endowments. On the other side, the specialization acquired by industrial countries on specific skills is permanent and combined with comparative advantages recoveries in sectors deemed unmarked according to the product life cycle theory, or unskilled labor-intensive following to the neo-factorial international trade developments. Keywords: Competitiveness, integration, technological transfer, technological advantages.

Access and exclusivity in nineteenth-century Victorian schools

Purpose – In the mid nineteenth-century Victorian government-aided schools were patronised by a broad spectrum of the community, many of whom sought a higher, or “middle-class”, education for their children. The various educational boards responsible for the administration of the public system, while not objecting to the provision of advanced tuition, were determined to ensure it was not offered on a socially selective basis. The purpose of this paper is to examine how accusations that some schools had engaged in socially selective practices led to the eventual removal of higher subjects from the curriculum. Design/methodology/approach – Documentary evidence, particularly the correspondence between the central educational boards and the local school committees, is examined to assess the validity of the claims and counter claims made by those involved. Findings – It appears that administrators used accusations of social exclusion to justify the removal of advanced subjects from the curriculum; with the result that it was not until state high schools were established early in the twentieth century that a higher education was again offered in the public sector. Originality/value – The paper looks at an area of educational provision that has attracted little attention from researchers.

Improving Regional Trade to Support Pakistan’s Economic Growth

Regional trade has been an important factor in the economic success of many countries. Within most trading blocs, intra-regional trade comprises 40 percent or more of each member country’s individual trade. However, for the regional arrangements of which Pakistan is a member, intra-regional trade accounts for less than 5 percent. Pakistan’s strategic location is its greatest asset, but it has not leveraged this to its advantage. Although it was a relatively forward-looking country until the mid-1960s its policies have not been favorable to promoting trade and economic development since then. While other successful developing countries have espoused liberal trade regimes since the 1980s—resorting to protectionism only on a selective basis—Pakistan continues to rely on import substitution policies. Clearly, the country needs to revisit its regional and global trade policies.

The Dissolution of the Monasteries and its Impact on Education in Tudor Times

In 1536 the English Parliament under pressure from Henry VIII and the Lord Chancellor, Thomas Cromwell, gave its consent for the dissolution of the lesser monasteries and abbeys in the king’s realm, and three years later with the sanction of MPs some of the greater religious houses also suffered the same fate. The principal aim of this paper is to assess the importance of this political decision with a view to examining the progress being made in the field of education in England in the middle of the sixteenth century resultant upon this dissolution. The evaluation of the merits and demerits originating from the suppression of the English monasteries is made in terms of both primary and academic education. The answers to these key questions are preceded by a short analysis of the reputation monasteries and abbeys had acquired by that time. Also on a selective basis, some opinions have been presented here to provide an overall picture of the standing of the monks and nuns and their concomitant activities, as perceived through the eyes of English society; the eminent scholars and humanists In particular. Subsequently, before assessing the consequences resulting from the dissolution of the religious houses in England, some consideration is given to the reasoning and rationale which lay behind both Henry VIII and his Lord Chancellor’s political decisions.