Australia Antigen, Posttransfusion Hepatitis, and the Chronic Carrier State

1972 ◽  
Vol 123 (4) ◽  
pp. 392
Author(s):  
Alton I. Sutnick
Keyword(s):  
Carrier State ◽  
Australia Antigen ◽  
Posttransfusion Hepatitis ◽  
Chronic Carrier

DETECTION OF HEPATITIS B VIRUS DNA IN LIVER AND SERUM: A DIRECT APPRAISAL OF THE CHRONIC CARRIER STATE

The Lancet ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 318 (8250) ◽  
pp. 765-768 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Brechot ◽  
Jacques Scotto ◽  
Patrick Charnay ◽  
Michelle Hadchouel ◽  
Francoise Degos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Carrier State ◽  
Hepatitis B Virus Dna ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Chronic Carrier

Sex Difference in Hepatitis-Associated (Australia) Antigen Carrier State One Year After Hepatitis Outbreak

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 441-443
Author(s):  
Jerry L. Curtis ◽  
Luis Samper ◽  
Luis A. Rodriquez ◽  
Martha G. Garrett
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Category ◽  
Carrier State ◽  
Prior History ◽  
Australia Antigen ◽  
Serum Enzyme ◽  
History Of ◽  
One Year ◽  
Mental Institution ◽  
Immunoglobulin Levels ◽  
Antigen Carrier

In late 1969 an outbreak of hepatitis occurred in the mental retardation unit of a large mental institution. Six percent of the residents (45 of 780) were clinically diagnosed as having hepatitis during this period. Hepatitis-associated antigen (Australia antigen) studies made one year later on this same population and examined for relationship to diagnostic category, age at admission, length of residence, sex, race, ward, serum enzyme levels, immunoglobulin levels, and prior history of hepatitis showed positive correlation for sex (males, 49 of 51 positives), diagnosis (Down's syndrome patients were carriers at twice the rate of the rest of the population), and serum enzyme levels (SGOT significantly elevated in carriers as compared to other patients). No correlation was found with prior history of hepatitis or any other variable considered.

scholarly journals The campaign against typhoid and paratyphoid B in western Norway. Results of cholecystectomy

1964 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 443-449 ◽  
Author(s):  
Th. M. Vogelsang
Keyword(s):  
Stone Formation ◽  
Hepatic Duct ◽  
Carrier State ◽  
Western Norway ◽  
Gall Stones ◽  
Paratyphi B ◽  
The Common ◽  
Indications For Operation ◽  
Chronic Carrier ◽  
Female Carriers

1. The first chronic carrier in western Norway was discovered in 1918. Since then 147 individuals have been found to be chronic carriers, 84 being carriers of S. typhi and 63 of S. paratyphi B.2. Of the 147 chronic carriers 23 were males and 124 females. Most of the carriers were elderly folk, 96 over the age of 50 and 37 over the age of 70 when their carrier state was discovered. There is a considerable rise in the incidence of gall-stones among women around the age of 50, while a similar rise comes at a higher age in men. This sex difference may be a contributory cause of the larger number of female carriers.3. Operations were performed on 66 chronic carriers with a view to curing the carrier state. In 2 cases, only cystotomy could be performed because of the state of the gall-bladder. In one of these the carrier state was cured, while it persisted in the other.4. The gall-bladders of 64 chronic carriers were removed by operation with the following results: 2 died as a result of the operation, 9 remained carriers, and 53 are considered cured. The operation was therefore successful in four-fifths of the cases.The gall-bladders of 2 individuals who remained carriers were found at operation to be sterile and perfectly normal, without stone formation. Two other individuals who remained carriers have later died, 1½ and 7 years after their operations. In both cases S. paratyphi B was cultivated from the common bile duct and the hepatic duct. The specific process may therefore in a few cases be situated at a higher level in the bile passages of the liver.5. The interval between infection and operation varied from 3 months to 50 years. The 2 carriers who had the longest interval are both cured.6. Indications for operation are given on the basis of the experiences provided by the present material.

Australia Antigen and Posttransfusion Hepatitis

2015 ◽  
pp. 65-71
Author(s):  
V. Reinicke ◽  
O. Banke ◽  
E. Dybkjaer
Keyword(s):  
Australia Antigen ◽  
Posttransfusion Hepatitis

Viral Hepatitis in Pregnancy: Problems for the Clinician Dealing with the Infant

1980 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 121-125
Author(s):  
Cladd E. Stevens ◽  
Saul Krugman ◽  
Wolf Szmuness ◽  
R. Palmer Beasley
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Chronic Active Hepatitis ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Carrier State ◽  
Hbv Infection ◽  
Advanced Cirrhosis ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B Antigens ◽  
Chronic Carrier

Stokes and colleagues first described transmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection from a mother who was an HBV carrier to an infant born by cesarean section in 1954. Evidence of clinical hepatitis with jaundice, detected at 2 months of age, was later complicated by chronic active hepatitis. The infant died at 18 months of age with advanced cirrhosis of the liver. In the past decade tests have been developed that are specific for hepatitis B antigens and antibodies and they have enabled physicians to identify acute hepatitis B infection during pregnancy, as well as the presence of a chronic carrier state. Thus it has been possible to assess the effect of maternal HBV infection on the newborn infant. The attack rate of HBV infection in infants has been reported to range between 10% and 70%. Infection is usually detectable by 1 to 3 months of age. Although most infections are asymptomatic, fulminant hepatitis is seen on rare occasions. Of major significance is the tendency for the infected infants to become chronic HBV carriers with possible progression to chronic active hepatitis, cirrhosis, and rarely hepatoma. Hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection has not been a problem in the newborn. Hepatitis A is now an uncommon infection among adults in Western countries while in developing areas it is primarily a disease of childhood.

scholarly journals Flagellated but Not Hyperfimbriated Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Attaches to and Forms Biofilms on Cholesterol-Coated Surfaces

2010 ◽  
Vol 192 (12) ◽  
pp. 2981-2990 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert W. Crawford ◽  
Kristin E. Reeve ◽  
John S. Gunn
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Carrier State ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Cholesterol Gallstones ◽  
Serovar Typhimurium ◽  
Flagellar Proteins ◽  
Coated Surfaces ◽  
Biofilm Development ◽  
Chronic Carrier

ABSTRACT The asymptomatic, chronic carrier state of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi occurs in the bile-rich gallbladder and is frequently associated with the presence of cholesterol gallstones. We have previously demonstrated that salmonellae form biofilms on human gallstones and cholesterol-coated surfaces in vitro and that bile-induced biofilm formation on cholesterol gallstones promotes gallbladder colonization and maintenance of the carrier state. Random transposon mutants of S. enterica serovar Typhimurium were screened for impaired adherence to and biofilm formation on cholesterol-coated Eppendorf tubes but not on glass and plastic surfaces. We identified 49 mutants with this phenotype. The results indicate that genes involved in flagellum biosynthesis and structure primarily mediated attachment to cholesterol. Subsequent analysis suggested that the presence of the flagellar filament enhanced binding and biofilm formation in the presence of bile, while flagellar motility and expression of type 1 fimbriae were unimportant. Purified Salmonella flagellar proteins used in a modified enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) showed that FliC was the critical subunit mediating binding to cholesterol. These studies provide a better understanding of early events during biofilm development, specifically how salmonellae bind to cholesterol, and suggest a target for therapies that may alleviate biofilm formation on cholesterol gallstones and the chronic carrier state.

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