scholarly journals Subsurface lateral preferential flow network revealed by time-lapse ground-penetrating radar in a hillslope

2014 ◽  
Vol 50 (12) ◽  
pp. 9127-9147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Guo ◽  
Jin Chen ◽  
Henry Lin
Keyword(s):  
Ground Penetrating Radar ◽  
Preferential Flow ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
Flow Network ◽  
Ground Penetrating

scholarly journals Detecting infiltrated water and preferential flow pathways through time-lapse ground-penetrating radar surveys

2020 ◽  
Vol 726 ◽  
pp. 138511 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simone Di Prima ◽  
Thierry Winiarski ◽  
Rafael Angulo-Jaramillo ◽  
Ryan D. Stewart ◽  
Mirko Castellini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ground Penetrating Radar ◽  
Preferential Flow ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
Flow Pathways ◽  
Preferential Flow Pathways ◽  
Ground Penetrating

Ground-penetrating radar surveys for the detection of preferential flow into soils

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simone Di Prima ◽  
Thierry Winiarski ◽  
Rafael Angulo-Jaramillo ◽  
Ryan D. Stewart ◽  
Mirko Castellini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ground Penetrating Radar ◽  
Preferential Flow ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
Water Infiltration ◽  
Single Ring ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Infiltration Tests ◽  
Ground Penetrating ◽  
Preferential Flows

<p>Preferential flow is more the rule than the exception, in particular during water infiltration experiments. In this study, we demonstrate the potential of GPR monitoring to detect preferential flows during water infiltration. We monitored time-lapse ground penetrating radar (GPR) surveys in the vicinity of single-ring infiltration experiments and created a three-dimensional (3D) representation of infiltrated water below the devices. For that purpose, radargrams were constructed from GPR transects conducted over two grids (1 m × 1 m) before and after the infiltration tests. The obtained signal was represented in 3D and a threshold was chosen to part the domain into wetted and non-wetted zones, allowing the determination of the infiltration bulb. That methodology was used to detect the infiltration below the devices and clearly pointed at nonuniform flows in correspondence with the heterogeneous soil structures. The protocol presented in this study represents a practical and valuable tool for detecting preferential flows at the scale of a single ring infiltration experiment.</p>

Attribute-based analysis of time-lapse ground-penetrating radar data

Geophysics ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. H1-H8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niklas Allroggen ◽  
Jens Tronicke
Keyword(s):  
Ground Penetrating Radar ◽  
Preferential Flow ◽  
Synthetic Data ◽  
Structural Similarity ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
Radar Data ◽  
Hydrological Processes ◽  
Time Shift ◽  
Noisy Input ◽  
Ground Penetrating

Analysis of time-lapse ground-penetrating radar (GPR) data can provide information regarding subsurface hydrological processes, such as preferential flow. However, the analysis of time-lapse data is often limited by data quality; for example, for noisy input data, the interpretation of difference images is often difficult. Motivated by modern image-processing tools, we have developed two robust GPR attributes, which allow us to distinguish amplitude (contrast similarity) and time-shift (structural similarity) variations related to differences between individual time-lapse GPR data sets. We tested and evaluated our attributes using synthetic data of different complexity. Afterward, we applied them to a field data example, in which subsurface flow was induced by an artificial rainfall event. For all examples, we identified our structural similarity attribute to be a robust measure for highlighting time-lapse changes also in data with low signal-to-noise ratios. We determined that our new attribute-based workflow is a promising tool to analyze time-lapse GPR data, especially for imaging subsurface hydrological processes.

Ground-penetrating radar monitoring of fast subsurface processes

Geophysics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. A19-A23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niklas Allroggen ◽  
Daniel Beiter ◽  
Jens Tronicke
Keyword(s):  
Ground Penetrating Radar ◽  
Preferential Flow ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
Monitoring Methods ◽  
Attribute Analysis ◽  
Accessible Information ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Flow Processes ◽  
Ground Penetrating

Earth and environmental sciences rely on detailed information about subsurface processes. Whereas geophysical techniques typically provide highly resolved spatial images, monitoring subsurface processes is often associated with enormous effort and, therefore, is usually limited to point information in time or space. Thus, the development of spatial and temporal continuous field monitoring methods is a major challenge for the understanding of subsurface processes. We have developed a novel method for ground-penetrating-radar (GPR) reflection monitoring of subsurface flow processes under unsaturated conditions and applied it to a hydrological infiltration experiment performed across a periglacial slope deposit in northwest Luxembourg. Our approach relies on a spatial and temporal quasicontinuous data recording and processing, followed by an attribute analysis based on analyzing differences between individual time steps. The results demonstrate the ability of time-lapse GPR monitoring to visualize the spatial and temporal dynamics of preferential flow processes with a spatial resolution in the order of a few decimeters and temporal resolution in the order of a few minutes. We observe excellent agreement with water table information originating from different boreholes. This demonstrates the potential of surface-based GPR reflection monitoring to observe the spatiotemporal dynamics of water movements in the subsurface. It provides valuable, and so far not accessible, information for example in the field of hydrology and pedology that allows studying the actual subsurface processes rather than deducing them from point information.

Detecting stemflow-induced preferential flow pathways through time-lapse ground-penetrating radar surveys

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ludmila Roder ◽  
Simone Di Prima ◽  
Sergio Campus ◽  
Filippo Giadrossich ◽  
Ryan D. Stewart ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ground Penetrating Radar ◽  
Preferential Flow ◽  
Overland Flow ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
Water Infiltration ◽  
Blue Dye ◽  
Horizontal Distance ◽  
Tree Trunk ◽  
Ground Penetrating

<p>Research over the past several decades has shown that preferential flow is more the rule than the exception. However, our collective understanding of preferential flow processes has been limited by a lack of suitable methods to detect and visualize the initiation and evolution of non-uniform wetting at high spatial and temporal resolutions, particularly in real-world settings. In this study, we investigate water infiltration initiation by tree trunk and root systems. We carried out time-lapse ground penetrating radar (GPR) surveys in conjunction with a simulated stemflow event to provide evidence of root-induced preferential flow and generate a three-dimensional representation of the wetted zone.</p><p>We established a survey grid (3.5 m × 5 m, with a local slope of 10.3°), consisting of ten horizontal and thirteen vertical parallel survey lines with 0.5 m intervals between them. The horizontal lines were downslope-oriented. The grid was placed around a Quercus suber L. We collected a total of 46 (2 GPR surveys × 23 survey lines) radargrams using an IDS (Ingegneria Dei Sistemi S.p.A.) Ris Hi Mod v. 1.0 system with a 900-MHz antenna mounted on a GPR cart. Two grid GPR surveys were carried out before and after the artificial stemflow experiment. In the experiment, we applied 100 L of brilliant blue dye (E133) solution on the tree trunk. The stemflow volume of 100 L corresponded to 63.2 mm of incident precipitation, considering a crown projected area of 201 m<sup>2</sup> and a 1.3% conversion rate of rainfall to stemflow. Trench profiles were carefully excavated with hand tools to remove soil and detect both root location and size and areas of infiltration and preferential pathways on the soil profile.</p><p>The majority (84.4%) of artificially applied stemflow infiltrated into the soil, while the remaining 15.6% generated overland flow, which was collected by a small v-shaped plastic channel placed into a groove previously scraped on the downhill side of the tree. The 3D diagram clearly demarcated the dimension and shape of the wetted zone, thus providing evidence of root-induced preferential flow along coarse roots. The wetted zone extended downslope up to a horizontal distance of 3 m from the trunk and down to a depth of approximately 0.7 m. Put all together, this study shows the importance of accounting for plant and trees trunk and root systems when quantifying infiltration.</p>

scholarly journals Quantitative high-resolution observations of soil water dynamics in a complicated architecture using time-lapse ground-penetrating radar

2015 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 1125-1139 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Klenk ◽  
S. Jaumann ◽  
K. Roth
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Ground Penetrating Radar ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
Test Site ◽  
Water Dynamics ◽  
Soil Water Dynamics ◽  
Capillary Fringe ◽  
Ground Penetrating

Abstract. High-resolution time-lapse ground-penetrating radar (GPR) observations of advancing and retreating water tables can yield a wealth of information about near-surface water content dynamics. In this study, we present and analyze a series of imbibition, drainage and infiltration experiments that have been carried out at our artificial ASSESS test site and observed with surface-based GPR. The test site features a complicated but known subsurface architecture constructed with three different kinds of sand. It allows the study of soil water dynamics with GPR under a wide range of different conditions. Here, we assess in particular (i) the feasibility of monitoring the dynamic shape of the capillary fringe reflection and (ii) the relative precision of monitoring soil water dynamics averaged over the whole vertical extent by evaluating the bottom reflection. The phenomenology of the GPR response of a dynamically changing capillary fringe is developed from a soil physical point of view. We then explain experimentally observed phenomena based on numerical simulations of both the water content dynamics and the expected GPR response.

scholarly journals Estimating infiltration front depth using time-lapse multioffset gathers obtained from ground-penetrating-radar antenna array

Geophysics ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-37
Author(s):  
Hirotaka Saito ◽  
Seiichiro Kuroda ◽  
Toshiki Iwasaki ◽  
Jacopo Sala ◽  
Haruyuki Fujimaki
Keyword(s):  
Antenna Array ◽  
Ground Penetrating Radar ◽  
Sand Dunes ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
Sudden Increase ◽  
Wetting Front ◽  
Moisture Sensor ◽  
Wave Velocities ◽  
Ground Penetrating ◽  
Infiltration Experiment

Non-destructive and non-invasive visualization and quantification of dynamic subsurface hydrological processes are needed. Using a ground penetrating radar (GPR) antenna array, time-lapse common-offset gather (COG) and common mid-point (CMP) data can be collected by fixing the antenna at a given location when scanning subsurface. This study aims to determine wetting front depths continuously during a field infiltration experiment by estimating electromagnetic (EM) wave velocities at given elapsed times using ground penetrating radar (GPR) antenna array data. A surface GPR antenna array system, consisting of 10 transmitters (Tx) and 11 receivers (Rx), that can scan each Tx-Rx combination in 10 s at a millisecond scale was used to acquire all 110 Rx-Tx combinations in approximately 1.5 s. The field infiltration experiment was conducted at an experimental field near the Tottori Sand Dunes in Japan. Using the estimated EM wave velocity from the CMP data, the depth to the wetting front was computed every minute. The estimated wetting front arrival time agreed with the time at which a sudden increase in the moisture sensor output was observed at a depth from 20 cm and below. This study demonstrated that time-lapsed CMP data collected with the GPR antenna array system could be used to estimate EM wave velocities continuously during the infiltration. The GPR antenna array was capable of accurate and quantitative tracking of the wetting front.

scholarly journals Multi-offset ground-penetrating radar imaging of a lab-scale infiltration test

2012 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. 4009-4022 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Mangel ◽  
S. M. J. Moysey ◽  
J. C. Ryan ◽  
J. A. Tarbutton
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Ground Penetrating Radar ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
Volumetric Water Content ◽  
Data Cube ◽  
Sand Layer ◽  
Wetting Front ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Ground Penetrating ◽  
Infiltration Experiment

Abstract. A lab scale infiltration experiment was conducted in a sand tank to evaluate the use of time-lapse multi-offset ground-penetrating radar (GPR) data for monitoring dynamic hydrologic events in the vadose zone. Sets of 21 GPR traces at offsets between 0.44–0.9 m were recorded every 30 s during a 3 h infiltration experiment to produce a data cube that can be viewed as multi-offset gathers at unique times or common offset images, tracking changes in arrivals through time. Specifically, we investigated whether this data can be used to estimate changes in average soil water content during wetting and drying and to track the migration of the wetting front during an infiltration event. For the first problem we found that normal-moveout (NMO) analysis of the GPR reflection from the bottom of the sand layer provided water content estimates ranging between 0.10–0.30 volumetric water content, which underestimated the value determined by depth averaging a vertical array of six moisture probes by 0.03–0.05 volumetric water content. Relative errors in the estimated depth to the bottom of the 0.6 m thick sand layer were typically on the order of 2%, though increased as high as 25% as the wetting front approached the bottom of the tank. NMO analysis of the wetting front reflection during the infiltration event generally underestimated the depth of the front with discrepancies between GPR and moisture probe estimates approaching 0.15 m. The analysis also resulted in underestimates of water content in the wetted zone on the order of 0.06 volumetric water content and a wetting front velocity equal to about half the rate inferred from the probe measurements. In a parallel modeling effort we found that HYDRUS-1D also underestimates the observed average tank water content determined from the probes by approximately 0.01–0.03 volumetric water content, despite the fact that the model was calibrated to the probe data. This error suggests that the assumed conceptual model of laterally uniform, one-dimensional vertical flow in a homogenous material may not be fully appropriate for the experiment. Full-waveform modeling and subsequent NMO analysis of the simulated GPR response resulted in water content errors on the order of 0.01–0.03 volumetric water content, which are roughly 30–50% of the discrepancy between GPR and probe results observed in the experiment. The model shows that interference between wave arrivals affects data interpretation and the estimation of traveltimes. This is an important source of error in the NMO analysis, but it does not fully account for the discrepancies between GPR and the moisture probes observed in the experiment. The remaining discrepancy may be related to conceptual errors underlying the GPR analysis, such as the assumption of uniform one-dimensional flow, a lack of a sharply defined wetting front in the experiment, and errors in the petrophysical model used to convert dielectric constant to water content.

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