Attribute-based analysis of time-lapse ground-penetrating radar data

Geophysics ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. H1-H8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niklas Allroggen ◽  
Jens Tronicke
Keyword(s):  
Ground Penetrating Radar ◽  
Preferential Flow ◽  
Synthetic Data ◽  
Structural Similarity ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
Radar Data ◽  
Hydrological Processes ◽  
Time Shift ◽  
Noisy Input ◽  
Ground Penetrating

Analysis of time-lapse ground-penetrating radar (GPR) data can provide information regarding subsurface hydrological processes, such as preferential flow. However, the analysis of time-lapse data is often limited by data quality; for example, for noisy input data, the interpretation of difference images is often difficult. Motivated by modern image-processing tools, we have developed two robust GPR attributes, which allow us to distinguish amplitude (contrast similarity) and time-shift (structural similarity) variations related to differences between individual time-lapse GPR data sets. We tested and evaluated our attributes using synthetic data of different complexity. Afterward, we applied them to a field data example, in which subsurface flow was induced by an artificial rainfall event. For all examples, we identified our structural similarity attribute to be a robust measure for highlighting time-lapse changes also in data with low signal-to-noise ratios. We determined that our new attribute-based workflow is a promising tool to analyze time-lapse GPR data, especially for imaging subsurface hydrological processes.

scholarly journals Detecting infiltrated water and preferential flow pathways through time-lapse ground-penetrating radar surveys

2020 ◽  
Vol 726 ◽  
pp. 138511 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simone Di Prima ◽  
Thierry Winiarski ◽  
Rafael Angulo-Jaramillo ◽  
Ryan D. Stewart ◽  
Mirko Castellini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ground Penetrating Radar ◽  
Preferential Flow ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
Flow Pathways ◽  
Preferential Flow Pathways ◽  
Ground Penetrating

scholarly journals High-Resolution Coherency Functionals for Improving the Velocity Analysis of Ground-Penetrating Radar Data

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (13) ◽  
pp. 2146
Author(s):  
Eusebio Stucchi ◽  
Adriano Ribolini ◽  
Andrea Tognarelli
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Velocity Field ◽  
Ground Penetrating Radar ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Synthetic Data ◽  
Radar Data ◽  
Position Type ◽  
Reliable Interpretation ◽  
Ground Penetrating

We aim at verifying whether the use of high-resolution coherency functionals could improve the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) of Ground-Penetrating Radar data by introducing a variable and precisely picked velocity field in the migration process. After carrying out tests on synthetic data to schematically simulate the problem, assessing the types of functionals most suitable for GPR data analysis, we estimated a varying velocity field relative to a real dataset. This dataset was acquired in an archaeological area where an excavation after a GPR survey made it possible to define the position, type, and composition of the detected targets. Two functionals, the Complex Matched Coherency Measure and the Complex Matched Analysis, turned out to be effective in computing coherency maps characterized by high-resolution and strong noise rejection, where velocity picking can be done with high precision. By using the 2D velocity field thus obtained, migration algorithms performed better than in the case of constant or 1D velocity field, with satisfactory collapsing of the diffracted events and moving of the reflected energy in the correct position. The varying velocity field was estimated on different lines and used to migrate all the GPR profiles composing the survey covering the entire archaeological area. The time slices built with the migrated profiles resulted in a higher S/N than those obtained from non-migrated or migrated at constant velocity GPR profiles. The improvements are inherent to the resolution, continuity, and energy content of linear reflective areas. On the basis of our experience, we can state that the use of high-resolution coherency functionals leads to migrated GPR profiles with a high-grade of hyperbolas focusing. These profiles favor better imaging of the targets of interest, thereby allowing for a more reliable interpretation.

Ground-penetrating radar surveys for the detection of preferential flow into soils

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simone Di Prima ◽  
Thierry Winiarski ◽  
Rafael Angulo-Jaramillo ◽  
Ryan D. Stewart ◽  
Mirko Castellini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ground Penetrating Radar ◽  
Preferential Flow ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
Water Infiltration ◽  
Single Ring ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Infiltration Tests ◽  
Ground Penetrating ◽  
Preferential Flows

<p>Preferential flow is more the rule than the exception, in particular during water infiltration experiments. In this study, we demonstrate the potential of GPR monitoring to detect preferential flows during water infiltration. We monitored time-lapse ground penetrating radar (GPR) surveys in the vicinity of single-ring infiltration experiments and created a three-dimensional (3D) representation of infiltrated water below the devices. For that purpose, radargrams were constructed from GPR transects conducted over two grids (1 m × 1 m) before and after the infiltration tests. The obtained signal was represented in 3D and a threshold was chosen to part the domain into wetted and non-wetted zones, allowing the determination of the infiltration bulb. That methodology was used to detect the infiltration below the devices and clearly pointed at nonuniform flows in correspondence with the heterogeneous soil structures. The protocol presented in this study represents a practical and valuable tool for detecting preferential flows at the scale of a single ring infiltration experiment.</p>

A geophysical investigation of the active Hockley Fault System near Houston, Texas

Geophysics ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. B177-B185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuhab D. Khan ◽  
Robert R. Stewart ◽  
Maisam Otoum ◽  
Li Chang
Keyword(s):  
Ground Penetrating Radar ◽  
Fault Location ◽  
Gravity Data ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
Radar Data ◽  
Airborne Lidar ◽  
Fault System ◽  
Geophysical Investigation ◽  
Geophysical Surveys ◽  
Ground Penetrating

Sedimentation and deformation toward the Gulf of Mexico Basin cause faulting in the coastal regions. In particular, many active (but non-seismic) faults underlie the Houston metropolitan area. Using geophysical data, we have examined the Hockley Fault System in northwest Harris County. Airborne LiDAR is an effective tool to identify fault scarps and we have used it to identify several new faults and assemble an updated map for the faults in Houston and surrounding areas. Two different LiDAR data sets (from 2001 to 2008) provide time-lapse images and suggest elevation changes across the Hockley Fault System at the rate of 10.9 mm/yr. This rate is further supported by GPS data from a station located on the downthrown side of the Hockley Fault System indicating movement at 13.8 mm/yr. To help illuminate the subsurface character of the faults, we undertook geophysical surveys (ground-penetrating radar, seismic reflection, and gravity) across two strands of the Hockley Fault System. Ground-penetrating radar data show discontinuous events to a depth of 10 m at the main fault location. Seismic data, from a vibroseis survey along a 1-km line perpendicular to the fault strike, indicate faulting to at least 300-m depth. The faults have a dip of about 70°. Gravity data show distinct changes across the fault. However, there are two contrasting Bouguer anomalies depending on the location of the transects and their underlying geology. Our geophysical surveys were challenged by urban features (especially traffic and access). However, the survey results consistently locate the fault and hold significant potential to understand its deformational features as well as assist in associated building zoning.

Ground-penetrating radar monitoring of fast subsurface processes

Geophysics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. A19-A23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niklas Allroggen ◽  
Daniel Beiter ◽  
Jens Tronicke
Keyword(s):  
Ground Penetrating Radar ◽  
Preferential Flow ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
Monitoring Methods ◽  
Attribute Analysis ◽  
Accessible Information ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Flow Processes ◽  
Ground Penetrating

Earth and environmental sciences rely on detailed information about subsurface processes. Whereas geophysical techniques typically provide highly resolved spatial images, monitoring subsurface processes is often associated with enormous effort and, therefore, is usually limited to point information in time or space. Thus, the development of spatial and temporal continuous field monitoring methods is a major challenge for the understanding of subsurface processes. We have developed a novel method for ground-penetrating-radar (GPR) reflection monitoring of subsurface flow processes under unsaturated conditions and applied it to a hydrological infiltration experiment performed across a periglacial slope deposit in northwest Luxembourg. Our approach relies on a spatial and temporal quasicontinuous data recording and processing, followed by an attribute analysis based on analyzing differences between individual time steps. The results demonstrate the ability of time-lapse GPR monitoring to visualize the spatial and temporal dynamics of preferential flow processes with a spatial resolution in the order of a few decimeters and temporal resolution in the order of a few minutes. We observe excellent agreement with water table information originating from different boreholes. This demonstrates the potential of surface-based GPR reflection monitoring to observe the spatiotemporal dynamics of water movements in the subsurface. It provides valuable, and so far not accessible, information for example in the field of hydrology and pedology that allows studying the actual subsurface processes rather than deducing them from point information.

Detecting stemflow-induced preferential flow pathways through time-lapse ground-penetrating radar surveys

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ludmila Roder ◽  
Simone Di Prima ◽  
Sergio Campus ◽  
Filippo Giadrossich ◽  
Ryan D. Stewart ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ground Penetrating Radar ◽  
Preferential Flow ◽  
Overland Flow ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
Water Infiltration ◽  
Blue Dye ◽  
Horizontal Distance ◽  
Tree Trunk ◽  
Ground Penetrating

<p>Research over the past several decades has shown that preferential flow is more the rule than the exception. However, our collective understanding of preferential flow processes has been limited by a lack of suitable methods to detect and visualize the initiation and evolution of non-uniform wetting at high spatial and temporal resolutions, particularly in real-world settings. In this study, we investigate water infiltration initiation by tree trunk and root systems. We carried out time-lapse ground penetrating radar (GPR) surveys in conjunction with a simulated stemflow event to provide evidence of root-induced preferential flow and generate a three-dimensional representation of the wetted zone.</p><p>We established a survey grid (3.5 m × 5 m, with a local slope of 10.3°), consisting of ten horizontal and thirteen vertical parallel survey lines with 0.5 m intervals between them. The horizontal lines were downslope-oriented. The grid was placed around a Quercus suber L. We collected a total of 46 (2 GPR surveys × 23 survey lines) radargrams using an IDS (Ingegneria Dei Sistemi S.p.A.) Ris Hi Mod v. 1.0 system with a 900-MHz antenna mounted on a GPR cart. Two grid GPR surveys were carried out before and after the artificial stemflow experiment. In the experiment, we applied 100 L of brilliant blue dye (E133) solution on the tree trunk. The stemflow volume of 100 L corresponded to 63.2 mm of incident precipitation, considering a crown projected area of 201 m<sup>2</sup> and a 1.3% conversion rate of rainfall to stemflow. Trench profiles were carefully excavated with hand tools to remove soil and detect both root location and size and areas of infiltration and preferential pathways on the soil profile.</p><p>The majority (84.4%) of artificially applied stemflow infiltrated into the soil, while the remaining 15.6% generated overland flow, which was collected by a small v-shaped plastic channel placed into a groove previously scraped on the downhill side of the tree. The 3D diagram clearly demarcated the dimension and shape of the wetted zone, thus providing evidence of root-induced preferential flow along coarse roots. The wetted zone extended downslope up to a horizontal distance of 3 m from the trunk and down to a depth of approximately 0.7 m. Put all together, this study shows the importance of accounting for plant and trees trunk and root systems when quantifying infiltration.</p>

Estimation of Soil Hydraulic Parameters in the Field by Integrated Hydrogeophysical Inversion of Time-Lapse Ground-Penetrating Radar Data

2012 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. vzj2011.0177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khan Zaib Jadoon ◽  
Lutz Weihermüller ◽  
Benedikt Scharnagl ◽  
Michael B. Kowalsky ◽  
Michel Bechtold ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ground Penetrating Radar ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
Radar Data ◽  
Hydraulic Parameters ◽  
Soil Hydraulic Parameters ◽  
Soil Hydraulic ◽  
Ground Penetrating
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