scholarly journals Perennial grass ley rotations with annual crops in tropical Africa: A review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. S. Wortmann ◽  
A. Bilgo ◽  
C. K. Kaizzi ◽  
F. Liben ◽  
M. Garba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Tropical Africa ◽  
Annual Crops ◽  
Grass Ley

Soil nitrous oxide emissions associated with conversion of forage grass to annual crop receiving annual application of pig manure

2019 ◽  
Vol 99 (4) ◽  
pp. 420-433
Author(s):  
Mayowa Adelekun ◽  
Olalekan Akinremi ◽  
Mario Tenuta ◽  
Paligwendé Nikièma
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
Environmental Drivers ◽  
Pig Manure ◽  
Forage Grass ◽  
Annual Crop ◽  
Annual Crops ◽  
Change Mitigation

The disruptive land-use change during forage grass conversion to annual crop can be critical for determining nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, but this is an understudied period. We measured soil N2O fluxes (using closed static vented chambers) together with potential environmental drivers of these fluxes from liquid pig manure (LPM) and solid pig manure (SPM) applied to an annual crop (ANN) and perennial forages (FPP) that was converted to annual crop. Unamended plots were used as a control (CON). The results showed that in 2013, average soil nitrate-N was significantly higher on the recently converted FPP (ranging from 19 to 83 mg N kg−1) than the continuous ANN plots (from 16 to 35 mg N kg−1). The recently converted perennial forage system produced three times greater N2O than the continuous annual system, which is likely a result of accelerated N mineralization from the accumulated soil organic matter (over 4 yr) and grass residues of the recently killed forage grasses. However, during the second year of the study when the FPP plots were reseeded to perennial grasses, the system emitted 30% less N2O than the ANN system. These results suggest that including perennial forage grass in rotation with annual crops can provide N-saving and climate change mitigation benefits; however, some of the N stored in the soil would be lost when the perennial grass plots are cultivated to grow annual crops.

Tillage and Grazing Impact on Annual Crop Yields Following Conversion from Perennial Grass to Annual Crops

2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. CM-2013-0081-RS ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Hendrickson ◽  
Donald L Tanaka ◽  
Mark A. Liebig
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yields ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Grazing Impact ◽  
Annual Crop ◽  
Annual Crops

Simulated nitrogen dynamics and nitrate leaching in a perennial grass ley

1988 ◽  
Vol 105 (2) ◽  
pp. 273-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars Bergström ◽  
Holger Johnsson
Keyword(s):  
Nitrate Leaching ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Nitrogen Dynamics ◽  
Grass Ley

scholarly journals Nitrogen and phosphorus losses in surface runoff and drainage water after application of slurry and mineral fertilizer to perennial grass ley

1998 ◽  
Vol 7 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 569-581 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. TURTOLA ◽  
E. KEMPPAINEN
Keyword(s):  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Mineral Fertilizer ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Drainage Water ◽  
First Year ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Total Runoff ◽  
Grass Ley

Losses of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) from perennial grass ley on a fine sand soil were studied with five treatments: no fertilizer (1), cow slurry applied in autumn (2), winter (3) or spring (4), and mineral fertilizer applied in spring (5). For N, the total amounts applied (1992-96) were 0, 772, 807, 805 and 510 kg ha-1 and for P 0, 141, 119, 143 and 107 kg ha-1, respectively. In the first year (establishment of the ley, 1992-93), N losses (drainage + surface runoff) were slightly higher after application of slurry in autumn (with immediate ploughing, treatment 2) than in treatments 1, 4 and 5 (21 kg ha-1 vs. 17 kg ha-1), but the respective P losses (0.7-0.9 kg ha-1) were not affected. During the ley years (1993-96) the N and P losses were increased by surface application of fertilizers and by abundance of surface runoff (83-100% of the total runoff). Nutrient losses were extremely high after slurry application in autumn and winter, accounting for 11% and 33% of the applied N and 17% and 59% of the applied P, respectively. The N losses during the ley years from treatments 1-5 were 13, 62, 191, 23 and 24 kg ha-1, where the proportion of NH4-N was 21, 49, 56, 33 and 39%. The respective P losses were 0.73, 16, 54, 4.2 and 4.0 kg ha-1, where the proportion of PO4-P was 52, 85, 77, 68 and 64%.;

Runoff of faecal microorganisms and nutrients from perennial grass ley after application of slurry and mineral fertiliser

2001 ◽  
Vol 43 (12) ◽  
pp. 143-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Heinonen-Tanski ◽  
J. Uusi-Kämppä
Keyword(s):  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Soil Slurry ◽  
Runoff Water ◽  
One Year ◽  
Surface Spread ◽  
Slurry Injection ◽  
Surface Spreading ◽  
Grass Ley

Perennial grass was fertilised with cattle slurry either surface-spread or injected into the soil. Slurry was spread once (early summer) in 1996 and 1997 and twice (both summer and autumn) in 1998 and 1999. The control was mineral fertilisation in summer. Faecal microbial numbers in surface runoff water were very high in late June 1998 soon after very heavy rains even though the last slurry application had been made almost one year earlier. There was no clear difference between slurry spreading methods. Autumn spreading of slurry lead to high microbial levels in runoff waters and water hygiene was protected better by slurry injection than by surface spreading. In spring, after snow melt, some faecal microorganisms were found in surface runoff water and the numbers of faecal microorganisms were less from plots with slurry surface spreading than those with slurry-injection. Losses of total phosphorus (TP) and total nitrogen (TN) in surface runoff were 2.7 and 7.7 kg/ha respectively from grass with surface-spread slurry in winter 1998-1999. The injection of slurry decreased TP and TN runoff by an average of 81% and 73% respectively. In 1999 there was little runoff because the summer was sunny and dry.

Effects of Tied Ridges, Terraces and Grass Leys on a Lateritic Soil in Kenya

1967 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. C. Pereira ◽  
P. H. Hosegood ◽  
M. Dagg
Keyword(s):  
Water Conservation ◽  
Soil Structure ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
High Standard ◽  
Lateritic Soil ◽  
Progressive Reduction ◽  
Arable Crops ◽  
Wilting Point ◽  
Grass Ley

SummaryIn a study of soil and water conservation systems for high-altitude Kenya farming, control of accelerated erosion in two arable crops per year for six years was achieved by contour-ploughing and tied-ridging. The Kikuyu red loam latosol lay on 10 per cent and 12 per cent slopes under rainfall of intensities often exceeding 2 inches per hour. Soil structure measurements showed progressive reduction in the acceptance rate of rainfall, but gulley erosion occurred only in the absence of ties. Six years of intensive arable cultivations were compared with rotations having two, three or four years of perennial grass ley, with and without protection by Nichols terraces. Runoff, measured through Parshall flumes, was heaviest from well-established grass immediately after intensive grazing. Productivity was highest under grass. With a basal dressing of one hundred weight of double supers, 10 acres of Cynodon dactylon carried 20 Zebu steers for seven months without supplementation and showed a liveweight gain of 1·1 lb per steer per day. Grazing was reduced by failures in establishment of short legs. The grass depleted soil moisture to wilting point to a depth of ten feet within six months of planting and annually thereafter. Water use was approximately the same as total rainfall. Results, applicable locally, indicate a limit of four years duration for arable and a minimum of five years duration for pastures. Terraces can only be replaced by a high standard of management and skilled cultivation.

Change of growth processes of annual crops depending on the method of cultivation, seeding rate and fertilization

2019 ◽  
pp. 43-48
Author(s):  
N. Y. Hetman ◽  
Y. A. Veklenko ◽  
T. P. Zakhlebna ◽  
E. N. Ksenchyna
Keyword(s):  
Field Pea ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Growth Processes ◽  
Annual Crops ◽  
Leguminous Crops

Analysis of the height and leafiness of plants of oats (fodder), pea (spring), field pea was carried out depending on the seeding rates and fertilization. It was established that under the increase in the seeding rate of oats by 25 %, the height of plants of the grass and legume components rose irrespectively of the rate of fertilization. The leafiness of leguminous crops was 2.9—3.1 times higher than that of oats.

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