Advances in Functional Metal‐Organic Frameworks Based On‐Demand Drug Delivery Systems for Tumor Therapeutics

AbstractNanoparticles as drug delivery systems can alter the drugs' hydrophilicity to affect drug uptake and efflux in tissues. They prevent drugs from non-specifically binding with bio-macromolecules and enhance drug accumulation at the lesion sites, improving therapy effects and reducing unnecessary side effects. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), the typical nanoparticles, a class of crystalline porous materials via self-assembled organic linkers and metal ions, exhibit excellent biodegradability, pore shape and sizes, and finely tunable chemical composition. MOFs have a rigid molecular structure, and tunable pore size can improve the encapsulation drug's stability under harsh conditions. Besides, the surface of MOFs can be modified with small-molecule ligands and biomolecule, and binding with the biomarkers which is overexpressed on the surface of cancer cells. MOFs formulations for therapeutic have been developed to effectively respond to the unique tumor microenvironment (TEM), such as high H2O2 levels, hypoxia, and high concentration glutathione (GSH). Thus, MOFs as a drug delivery system should avoid drugs leaking during blood circulation and releasing at the lesion sites via a controlling manner. In this article, we will summary environment responsive MOFs as drug delivery systems for tumor therapy under different stimuli.

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Metal-organic frameworks as potential drug delivery systems

Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery ◽

10.1517/17425247.2013.741583 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 89-101 ◽

Cited By ~ 194

Author(s):

Chun-Yi Sun ◽

Chao Qin ◽

Xin-Long Wang ◽

Zhong-Min Su

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Drug Delivery Systems ◽

Metal Organic Frameworks ◽

Delivery Systems ◽

Potential Drug ◽

Metal Organic

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Progress of Stimuli-Responsive Nanoscale Metal Organic Frameworks as Controlled Drug Delivery Systems

Current Drug Delivery ◽

10.2174/1567201817666200917120201 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 ◽

Author(s):

Ailing Feng ◽

Yanni Wang ◽

Jinzi Ding ◽

Rong Xu ◽

Xiaodong Li

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Drug Delivery Systems ◽

Metal Organic Framework ◽

Metal Organic Frameworks ◽

Controlled Drug Delivery ◽

Delivery Systems ◽

Stimuli Responsive ◽

Direct Assembly ◽

Metal Organic ◽

Organic Framework

Background: Development of controlled drug delivery systems can improve the pharmacokinetic characteristics of drug molecules in the human body, thereby significantly improving the utilization rate of drugs and reducing toxicity and side effects caused by high concentrations of drugs, which can occur when delivery is not controlled. Metal organic frameworks are a new class of very promising crystalline microporous materials, especially when the size is reduced to the nanometer range. Metal organic frameworks exhibit large specific surface areas, tunable compositions, and easy functionalization. In recent years, increasing number of studies have reported the remarkable advances in multifunctional nanoscale metal organic frameworks in drug delivery. Objective: Review the latest research involving advances in stimuli-responsive nanoscale metal organic frameworks as drug delivery systems in controlled-release drugs. Discussion: We first introduce the two main strategies associated with nanoscale metal organic frameworks used in drug loading: direct assembly and post-encapsulation. We next focus on the latest discoveries of nanoscale metal organic framework-based stimulus response systems for drug delivery, including pH, magnetics, light, ion, temperature, and other stimuli, as well as multiple stimulus-responsive drug delivery systems. Finally, we discuss the challenges and future development directions of nanoscale metal organic framework-based controlled drug release.

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Nanoscaled zinc pyrazolate metal–organic frameworks as drug-delivery systems

Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances ◽

10.1107/s205327331708384x ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 73 (a2) ◽

pp. C1190-C1190

Author(s):

Sara Rojas ◽

Fracisco J. Carmona ◽

Carmon R. Maldonado ◽

Patricia Horcajada ◽

Tania Hidalgo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Drug Delivery Systems ◽

Metal Organic Frameworks ◽

Delivery Systems ◽

Metal Organic

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Recent Advances in Metal-Organic Frameworks as Anticancer Drug Delivery Systems: A Review.

Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry ◽

10.2174/1871520621666210119093844 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 ◽

Author(s):

Abdollah Karami ◽

Omnia Mohamed ◽

Ahmed Ahmed ◽

Ghaleb A. Husseini ◽

Rana Sabouni

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Drug Release ◽

Biomedical Applications ◽

Drug Delivery Systems ◽

Metal Organic Frameworks ◽

Delivery Systems ◽

Stimuli Responsive ◽

Anticancer Drug Delivery ◽

Advantages And Disadvantages ◽

Metal Organic

Background: Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), as attractive hybrid crystalline porous materials, are increasingly being investigated in biomedical applications owing to their exceptional properties, including high porosity, ultrahigh surface areas, tailorable composition and structure, and tunability and surface functionality. Of interest in this review is the design and development of MOFbased drug delivery systems (DDSs) that have excellent biocompatibility, good stability under physiological conditions, high drug loading capacity, and controlled/targeted drug release. Objective: This review highlights the latest advances in MOFs as anticancer drug delivery systems (DDSs) along with insights on their design, fabrication, and performance under different stimuli that are either internal or external. The synthesis methods of MOFs, along with their advantages and disadvantages, are briefly discussed. The emergence of multifunctional MOF-based theranostic platforms is also discussed. Finally, the future challenges facing the developments of MOFs in the field of drug delivery are discussed. Methods: The review was prepared by carrying out a comprehensive literature survey using relevant work published in various scientific databases. Results: Novel MOFs in biomedical applications, especially in drug delivery, have shown great potentials. MOF-based DDSs can be classified into normal (non-controllable) DDSs, stimuli-responsive DDSs, and theranostic platforms. The normal DDSs are pristine MOFs loaded with MOFs and offer little to no control over the drug delivery. Stimuli-responsive DDSs offer better spatiotemporal control over the drug release by responding to either endogenous (pH, redox, ions, ATP) or exogenous stimuli (light, magnetism, US, pressure, temperature). The theranostic platforms combine stimuli-responsive drug delivery with diagnostic imaging functionality, paving the road for imaging-guided drug delivery. Conclusion: This review presented a summary of the various methods utilized in MOF synthesis along with the advantages and disadvantages of each method. Furthermore, the review highlighted and discussed the latest developments in the field of MOF-based DDSs and theranostic platforms. The review is focused on the characteristics of MOF-based DDSs, the encapsulation of different anticancer drugs as well as their stimuli-responsive release.

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Nanoscaled Zinc Pyrazolate Metal–Organic Frameworks as Drug-Delivery Systems

Inorganic Chemistry ◽

10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b00045 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 55 (5) ◽

pp. 2650-2663 ◽

Cited By ~ 89

Author(s):

Sara Rojas ◽

Francisco J. Carmona ◽

Carmen R. Maldonado ◽

Patricia Horcajada ◽

Tania Hidalgo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Drug Delivery Systems ◽

Metal Organic Frameworks ◽

Delivery Systems ◽

Metal Organic

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Metal-organic framework-based intelligent drug delivery systems for cancer theranostic: A review

Frontiers of Materials Science ◽

10.1007/s11706-021-0568-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Qingni Xu ◽

Chaohua Li ◽

Yuqi Chen ◽

Yueli Zhang ◽

Bo Lu

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Drug Delivery Systems ◽

Metal Organic Framework ◽

Delivery Systems ◽

Metal Organic ◽

Organic Framework

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Tough hydrogel module towards an implantable remote and controlled release device

Biomaterials Science ◽

10.1039/c9bm01882d ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 960-972 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Zhi Wei Kenny Low ◽

Yifei Luo ◽

Kangyi Zhang ◽

Qianyu Lin ◽

Cally Owh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Controlled Release ◽

Drug Delivery Systems ◽

Delivery Systems ◽

On Demand ◽

Release Device

On-demand controllable drug delivery systems enable the administration of precise dosages and thus have the potential to improve overall healthcare.

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Stimuli-Responsive Nanofibers Containing Gold Nanorods for On-Demand Drug Delivery Platforms

Pharmaceutics ◽

10.3390/pharmaceutics13081319 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (8) ◽

pp. 1319

Author(s):

Baljinder Singh ◽

Nutan Shukla ◽

Junkee Kim ◽

Kibeom Kim ◽

Myoung-Hwan Park

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Drug Release ◽

Gold Nanorods ◽

Drug Delivery Systems ◽

Near Infrared ◽

Resonance Effect ◽

Delivery Systems ◽

Stimuli Responsive ◽

On Demand ◽

Multiple Drugs

On-demand drug delivery systems using nanofibers have attracted significant attention owing to their controllable properties for drug release through external stimuli. Near-infrared (NIR)-responsive nanofibers provide a platform where the drug release profile can be achieved by the on-demand supply of drugs at a desired dose for cancer therapy. Nanomaterials such as gold nanorods (GNRs) exhibit absorbance in the NIR range, and in response to NIR irradiation, they generate heat as a result of a plasmon resonance effect. In this study, we designed poly (N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) composite nanofibers containing GNRs. PNIPAM is a heat-reactive polymer that provides a swelling and deswelling property to the nanofibers. Electrospun nanofibers have a large surface-area-to-volume ratio, which is used to effectively deliver large quantities of drugs. In this platform, both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs can be introduced and manipulated. On-demand drug delivery systems were obtained through stimuli-responsive nanofibers containing GNRs and PNIPAM. Upon NIR irradiation, the heat generated by the GNRs ensures shrinking of the nanofibers owing to the thermal response of PNIPAM, thereby resulting in a controlled drug release. The versatility of the light-responsive nanofibers as a drug delivery platform was confirmed in cell studies, indicating the advantages of the swelling and deswelling property of the nanofibers and on–off drug release behavior with good biocompatibility. In addition, the system has potential for the combination of chemotherapy with multiple drugs to enhance the effectiveness of complex cancer treatments.

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