Castor-oil derived nonhalogenated reactive flame-retardant-based polyurethane foams with significant reduced heat release rate

In this article, a phosphorus–nitrogen-containing flame retardant (DOPO-T) was successfully synthesized by nucleophilic substitution reaction between 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) and cyanuric chloride. The chemical structure of DOPO-T was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and phosphorous-31 NMR, and elemental analysis. DOPO-T was then blended with diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A to prepare flame-retardant epoxy resins. Thermal properties, flame retardancy, and combustion behavior of the cured epoxy resins were evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, limited oxygen index (LOI) measurement, UL94 vertical burning test, and cone calorimeter test. The results indicated that the glass transition temperature ( Tg) and temperature at 5% weight loss of epoxy resin (EP)/DOPO-T thermosets were gradually decreased with the increasing content of DOPO-T. DOPO-T catalyzed the decomposition of EP matrix in advance. The flame-retardant performance of EP thermosets was significantly enhanced with the addition of DOPO-T. EP/DOPO-T-0.9 sample had an LOI value of 36.2% and achieved UL94 V-1 rating. In addition, the average of heat release rate, peak of heat release rate, average of effective heat of combustion, and total heat release (THR) of EP/DOPO-T-0.9 sample were decreased by 32%, 48%, 23%, and 31%, respectively, compared with the neat EP sample. Impressively, EP/DOPO-T thermosets acquired excellent flame retardancy under low loading of flame retardant.

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Flame-Retardant and Thermal Degradation Mechanism of Caged Phosphate Charring Agent with Melamine Pyrophosphate for Polypropylene

International Journal of Polymer Science ◽

10.1155/2015/360274 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-11 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Xuejun Lai ◽

Jiedong Qiu ◽

Hongqiang Li ◽

Xingrong Zeng ◽

Shuang Tang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Thermal Degradation ◽

Heat Release ◽

Flame Retardant ◽

Heat Release Rate ◽

Release Rate ◽

Degradation Mechanism ◽

Limiting Oxygen Index ◽

Thermal Degradation Mechanism ◽

Charring Agent ◽

Ul 94

An efficient caged phosphate charring agent named PEPA was synthesized and combined with melamine pyrophosphate (MPP) to flame-retard polypropylene (PP). The effects of MPP/PEPA on the flame retardancy and thermal degradation of PP were investigated by limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning test (UL-94), cone calorimetric test (CCT), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). It was found that PEPA showed an outstanding synergistic effect with MPP in flame retardant PP. When the content of PEPA was 13.3 wt% and MPP was 6.7 wt%, the LOI value of the flame retardant PP was 33.0% and the UL-94 test was classed as a V-0 rating. Meanwhile, the peak heat release rate (PHRR), average heat release rate (AV-HRR), and average mass loss rate (AV-MLR) of the mixture were significantly reduced. The flame-retardant and thermal degradation mechanism of MPP/PEPA was investigated by TGA, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), TG-FTIR, and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM-EDXS). It revealed that MPP/PEPA could generate the triazine oligomer and phosphorus-containing compound radicals which changed the thermal degradation behavior of PP. Meanwhile, a compact and thermostable intumescent char was formed and covered on the matrix surface to prevent PP from degrading and burning.

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Enhanced Thermal Insulation and Flame-Retardant Properties of Polyvinyl Alcohol-Based Aerogels Composited with Ammonium Polyphosphate and Chitosan

International Journal of Polymer Science ◽

10.1155/2021/5555916 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-11

Author(s):

MinYi Luo ◽

Jiayou Xu ◽

Shu Lv ◽

XueFeng Yuan ◽

Xiaolan Liang

Keyword(s):

Polyvinyl Alcohol ◽

Heat Release ◽

Flame Retardant ◽

Thermal Insulation ◽

Heat Release Rate ◽

Flame Retardancy ◽

Release Rate ◽

Ammonium Polyphosphate ◽

Composite Aerogel ◽

Composite Aerogels

Polyvinyl alcohol- (PVA-) based aerogels have attracted widespread attention owing to their low cost, eco-friendliness, and low density. However, the applications of PVA-based aerogels are limited by their flammability. In this study, a flame retardant, ammonium polyphosphate (APP), and a biopolymer, chitosan (CS), were added to polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and the polymer was further crosslinked using boric acid (H3BO3). In the PVA aerogels, the negatively charged APP and positively charged CS formed a polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) through ionic interaction. Cone calorimetry and vertical burning tests (UL-94) indicated that the PVA composite aerogels have excellent flame retardancy; they could decrease the heat release rate, total heat release rate, and carbon dioxide (CO2) generation. Both PVA/H3BO3 and APP-CS in the composite aerogel could be burned to carbon, and the foamed char layer could act together to impart the PVA composite aerogels with good flame retardancy. Further, the decrease in the temperature at the backside of the aerogels with increasing APP-CS content, as determined by the flame-spraying experiment, indicated that the PVA-based aerogels with APP-CS can also serve as thermal insulation materials. This work provides an effective and promising method for the preparation of PVA-based aerogels with good flame retardancy and thermal insulation property for construction materials.

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The Fabrication and Properties Characterization of Wood-Based Flame Retardant Composites

Journal of Nanomaterials ◽

10.1155/2014/878357 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Xia He ◽

Xianjun Li ◽

Zhu Zhong ◽

Yongli Yan ◽

Qunying Mou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heat Release ◽

Flame Retardant ◽

Heat Release Rate ◽

Release Rate ◽

Untreated Wood ◽

Smoke Suppression ◽

Zinc Borate ◽

Fire Intensity ◽

Flame Retardation ◽

Nano Zinc

Wood-based flame retardant composites were fabricated based on vacuum-pressure impregnating method after high intensive microwave pretreatment. The effects of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and modified nano-zinc borate (nZB) addition on flame-retardation and smoke-suppression properties of wood were investigated by cone calorimeter method (CONE) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results show that the heat release rate (HRR), peak heat release rate (pk-HRR), and total heat release (THR) of APP-treated woods decreased greatly with increasing concentration of APP. However, mean yield of CO (Mean COY) of APP-treated wood was much higher (3.5 times) than that of untreated wood. Compared with wood treated with APP at a concentration of 15%, the total smoke product (TSP), Mean COY, and pk-HRR decreased by 78.4%, 71.43%, and 31.23%, when wood was treated with APP and nZB (both concentrations were at 15%). APP and nZB have synergistic effects of flame-retardation and smoke-suppression. Nano-zinc borate combined with APP would be used in wood-based composites to efficiently retard flame, reduce fire intensity, and decrease noxious (CO)/smoke release.

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Study on Flame-Retardant Properties of Flame Retardant Asphalt Mixture

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.438-439.387 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 438-439 ◽

pp. 387-390 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Da Liang Liu ◽

Yi Zhong Yan ◽

Yun Yong Huang ◽

Jia Liang Yao ◽

Jian Bo Yuan

Keyword(s):

Heat Release ◽

Flame Retardant ◽

Heat Release Rate ◽

Release Rate ◽

Flame Retardants ◽

Asphalt Mixture ◽

Modified Asphalt ◽

Peak Heat Release Rate ◽

Flame Retardant Properties ◽

Sbs Modified Asphalt

Flame retardants modified asphalt with SBS flame retardant SMA hybrid material was prepared, flame retardant performances of SMA mixture was studied by the cone calorimeter. The results show that adding 12% flame retardant with SBS modified asphalt in preparation of flame retardant SMA mixture, the peak heat release rate values than the non-flame retardant asphalt mixture decreased by 4.02 kW/m2, and the heat release rate values were significantly reduced, the total heat and the amount of smoke of flame retardant asphalt mixture released less than the non-flame retardant asphalt mixture.

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Flame Retardation of Natural Bamboo Fiber/ Polypropylene Fiber Non-Woven Materials

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.105-107.1723 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 105-107 ◽

pp. 1723-1726

Author(s):

Wei Ma ◽

Wen Bin Yao

Keyword(s):

Heat Release ◽

Flame Retardant ◽

Heat Release Rate ◽

Release Rate ◽

Cone Calorimeter ◽

Polypropylene Fiber ◽

Bamboo Fiber ◽

Peak Heat Release Rate ◽

Natural Bamboo Fiber ◽

Flame Retardation

According to Natural Bamboo Fiber/ Polypropylene fiber(PP) non-woven materials encountered the problem that its flame retardation is insufficient, this paper tried to add flame retardant to improve its performance, then the cone calorimeter was used to evaluate its flammability. The results show that Peak-Heat Release Rate and Smoke Release Rate etc significantly improved. In accordance with the UL94 ,the flame retardation meet the level V-0 , consistent with the requirements of enterprise.

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Research on the Capability and Application of Flame Retardant Cable

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.217-218.631 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 217-218 ◽

pp. 631-635

Author(s):

Yong Wang

Keyword(s):

Heat Release ◽

Flame Retardant ◽

Heat Release Rate ◽

Release Rate ◽

Loss Rate ◽

Mass Loss Rate ◽

Fire Retardant ◽

Flame Retardant Property ◽

Time To Ignition ◽

Carbon Monoxide Yield

This paper, analyzes some parameters with the help of Cone Calorimeter (CONE) for the time to ignition, smoke extinction area, heat release rate, carbon monoxide yield and mass loss rate. The results show that the fire retardant agents affect KVV’s flame retardant property. Such as TTI ( time to ignition ) is prolonged to nearly two times, and the average HRR ( heat release rate ) reduces about 18% compared with the ordinary one and the maximum HRR down about 33%of its counterpart.

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Synthesis of Novel Alkyl Phosphinate Double Salt and its Application in PA6

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.997.89 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 997 ◽

pp. 89-92

Author(s):

Jia Chen ◽

Yuan Fang Zhang ◽

Da Jiang Du ◽

Ji Yan Liu

Keyword(s):

Thermal Stability ◽

Heat Release ◽

Flame Retardant ◽

Heat Release Rate ◽

Release Rate ◽

Filler Loading ◽

Double Salt ◽

Strong Inhibition ◽

Excellent Thermal Stability ◽

Inhibition Effect

In this paper, zinc magnesium methyl cyclohexylphosphinate double salt (ZnMg (MHP)) was synthesized and used as flame retardant for PA6. The structure and the flammability of ZnMg (MHP) had been studied. The results presented that the LOI of PA6 with 20wt% filler loading improved from 21.2% to 31.4%, and the vertical burning test passed UL94 V-0 rating. TG analyses showed that ZnMg (MHP) had excellent thermal stability. DSC displayed that ZnMg (MHP) melted at 235°C. The tests of flammability revealed that ZnMg (MHP) had a strong inhibition effect on heat release rate (HRR) of the composites.

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Effects of Insulating Material Ageing on Ignition Time and Heat Release Rate of the Flame Retardant Cables

Procedia Engineering ◽

10.1016/j.proeng.2017.12.099 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 211 ◽

pp. 972-978 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Bo-si Zhang ◽

Jia-qing Zhang ◽

Qiang Li ◽

Liu-fang Wang ◽

Hui Xie ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heat Release ◽

Flame Retardant ◽

Heat Release Rate ◽

Release Rate ◽

Ignition Time ◽

Insulating Material ◽

Material Ageing

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Effect of Magnesium Hydroxide and Aluminum Hydroxide on the Thermal Stability, Latent Heat and Flammability Properties of Paraffin/HDPE Phase Change Blends

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym12010180 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 180 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Ru Zhou ◽

Zhuang Ming ◽

Jiapeng He ◽

Yanming Ding ◽

Juncheng Jiang

Keyword(s):

Thermal Stability ◽

Phase Change ◽

Heat Release ◽

Flame Retardant ◽

Latent Heat ◽

Aluminum Hydroxide ◽

Heat Release Rate ◽

Magnesium Hydroxide ◽

Release Rate ◽

Gravimetric Analysis

In this study, paraffin was selected as the phase change material (PCM) and high-density polyethylene (HDPE) as the supporting material to prepare a flame-retardant PCM system. The system consisted of paraffin, HDPE, expanded graphite (EG), magnesium hydroxide (MH) and aluminum hydroxide (ATH). The thermal stability and flame retardancy were studied by thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and cone calorimeter test (CONE). The SEM proved that the addition of MH and ATH can produce an oxide film on the surface of the composite material and form a “physical barrier” with the char layer, generated by the expansion of EG, preventing the transfer of heat and oxygen. The TGA test showed that, compared with other flame-retardant systems, the materials with added MH and ATH have a higher thermal stability and carbonization ability, and the amount of char residue has increased from 17.6% to 32.9%, which reduces the fire risk of the material. The flame retardant effect is obvious. In addition, the addition of MH and ATH has no significant effect on the phase transition temperature and latent heat value of PCMs. The CONE data further confirmed that MH and ATH can work with EG to prevent heat release, reduce the total heat release rate (THR) value and effectively suppress the generation of smoke, CO and CO2. The peak heat release rate (PHRR) value also decreased, from 1570.2 kW/m2 to 655.9 kW/m2.

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