Evaluating the sustainability of indirect potable reuse and direct potable reuse: a southern Nevada case study

Australia has had guidelines in place for water recycling (for all uses other than potable reuse) since 2006. These guidelines were extended in May 2008 to cover potable reuse and have since been applied to two potable reuse schemes – one in Brisbane (Queensland) in 2011 and the second in Perth (Western Australia) in 2013. These guidelines cover both indirect potable reuse and direct potable reuse (DPR) and outline the steps that must be followed in the planning and validation of such schemes. This paper summarizes: (i) recent work carried out in Australia on treatment trains and technologies suitable for DPR; (ii) sustainability considerations of DPR and how it compares with other water supply options; and (iii) developments in community education and engagement in the potable reuse space.

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The fate of microplastics in natural and engineered aquatic systems: A case study of unplanned indirect potable reuse

Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health ◽

10.1016/j.coesh.2021.100302 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 100302

Author(s):

Swadhina Priyadarshini Lenka ◽

Tahereh Jasemizad ◽

Iraj Rezapour Balaneji ◽

Brandon Huang ◽

Benjamin Campbell ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Aquatic Systems ◽

Potable Reuse ◽

Indirect Potable Reuse

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Human health risk associated with direct potable reuse – evaluation through quantitative relative risk assessment case studies

Environmental Science Water Research & Technology ◽

10.1039/c5ew00038f ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 1 (5) ◽

pp. 679-688 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

J. A. Soller ◽

M. H. Nellor ◽

C. J. Cruz ◽

E. McDonald

Keyword(s):

Risk Assessment ◽

Risk Management ◽

Relative Risk ◽

Health Risk ◽

Human Health ◽

Human Health Risk ◽

Potable Reuse ◽

Relative Risk Assessment ◽

Direct Potable Reuse

Two hypothetical quantitative relative risk assessment (QRRA) case study evaluations illustrate how QRRA can inform risk management decisions for direct potable reuse.

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Direct potable reuse – a feasible water management option

Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination ◽

10.2166/wrd.2017.172 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 14-28 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

J. Lahnsteiner ◽

P. van Rensburg ◽

J. Esterhuizen

Keyword(s):

Water Management ◽

Management Option ◽

Biological Activated Carbon ◽

Potable Reuse ◽

The Usa ◽

Indirect Potable Reuse ◽

Direct Potable Reuse ◽

Carbon Filtration ◽

Long Term Experience

Abstract Direct potable reuse (DPR) can be more economic than indirect potable reuse as no environmental buffer is needed and conveyance and blending of the purified water with other potable sources is basically less expensive. Long-term experience in Windhoek (48 years) shows that treated domestic sewage can be safely and cost-efficiently utilized for potable reclamation (0.72 €/m3). A multiple barrier strategy is employed in order to attain the highest possible safety levels. There are three types of barriers: non-treatment, treatment and operational barriers. In recent years, new DPR schemes have been implemented in South Africa and in the USA, and the major difference between all the new reclamation processes and the Windhoek New Goreangab water reclamation plant lies in the employment of desalination process units. This topic and other issues, such as the use of ozone and biological activated carbon filtration, are addressed. Reclamation process optimization (increase in sustainability) and the attainment of greater public acceptance are the major challenges facing the promotion of DPR, which should become a common and widely used water management option within the next 5–10 years.

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Sustainability Assessment for Indirect Potable Reuse: A Case Study from Reno, Nevada

Water Environment Research ◽

10.2175/106143017x15131012153185 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 90 (8) ◽

pp. 748-760 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Laura Haak ◽

Vijay Sundaram ◽

Krishna Pagilla

Keyword(s):

Sustainability Assessment ◽

Potable Reuse ◽

Indirect Potable Reuse

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Guidelines for Engineered Storage for Direct Potable Reuse

Water Intelligence Online ◽

10.2166/9781780408477 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 15 (0) ◽

pp. 9781780408477-9781780408477

Author(s):

A. Salveson ◽

E. Steinle-Darling ◽

S. Trussell ◽

B. Pecson ◽

L. Macpherson

Keyword(s):

Potable Reuse ◽

Direct Potable Reuse

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Treatment of Trace Organic Compounds by Membrane Processes: At the Lake Arrowhead Water Reuse Pilot Plant

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1999.0603 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 40 (4-5) ◽

pp. 293-301 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Bruno B. Levine ◽

Kapal Madireddi ◽

Valentina Lazarova ◽

Michael K. Stenstrom ◽

Mel Suffet

Keyword(s):

Pilot Plant ◽

Water Reuse ◽

Ultra Violet ◽

Treatment Efficiency ◽

Small Molecular Weight ◽

Potable Reuse ◽

Low Concentrations ◽

Neutral Compounds ◽

Indirect Potable Reuse ◽

Trace Organic

Organic and trace organic performance data for ultrafiltration (UF), nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO) at the Lake Arrowhead water reclamation pilot plant are analyzed to determine the treatment efficiency of these processes in an indirect potable reuse design. Four organic parameters were studied: dissolved organic carbon (DOC), ultra-violet absorbance at 254 nm (UV-254), SUVA and base neutral analysis (BNA). UF and NF removed the larger compounds from the influent, but had no significant impact on the base neutral fraction with the exception of sterols. The RO process removed DOC and UV-absorbance compounds from the effluent to their respective detection limits. Base neutral compounds were significantly removed by RO, leaving at extremely low concentrations small molecular weight compounds, indicating indirect potable reuse is technically feasible.

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