scholarly journals Direct potable reuse – a feasible water management option

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Lahnsteiner ◽  
P. van Rensburg ◽  
J. Esterhuizen
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Management Option ◽  
Biological Activated Carbon ◽  
Potable Reuse ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Indirect Potable Reuse ◽  
Direct Potable Reuse ◽  
Carbon Filtration ◽  
Long Term Experience

Abstract Direct potable reuse (DPR) can be more economic than indirect potable reuse as no environmental buffer is needed and conveyance and blending of the purified water with other potable sources is basically less expensive. Long-term experience in Windhoek (48 years) shows that treated domestic sewage can be safely and cost-efficiently utilized for potable reclamation (0.72 €/m3). A multiple barrier strategy is employed in order to attain the highest possible safety levels. There are three types of barriers: non-treatment, treatment and operational barriers. In recent years, new DPR schemes have been implemented in South Africa and in the USA, and the major difference between all the new reclamation processes and the Windhoek New Goreangab water reclamation plant lies in the employment of desalination process units. This topic and other issues, such as the use of ozone and biological activated carbon filtration, are addressed. Reclamation process optimization (increase in sustainability) and the attainment of greater public acceptance are the major challenges facing the promotion of DPR, which should become a common and widely used water management option within the next 5–10 years.

scholarly journals An Australian perspective on DPR: technologies, sustainability and community acceptance

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 355-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian B. Law
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Community Education ◽  
Water Recycling ◽  
Potable Reuse ◽  
Community Acceptance ◽  
Indirect Potable Reuse ◽  
Direct Potable Reuse

Australia has had guidelines in place for water recycling (for all uses other than potable reuse) since 2006. These guidelines were extended in May 2008 to cover potable reuse and have since been applied to two potable reuse schemes – one in Brisbane (Queensland) in 2011 and the second in Perth (Western Australia) in 2013. These guidelines cover both indirect potable reuse and direct potable reuse (DPR) and outline the steps that must be followed in the planning and validation of such schemes. This paper summarizes: (i) recent work carried out in Australia on treatment trains and technologies suitable for DPR; (ii) sustainability considerations of DPR and how it compares with other water supply options; and (iii) developments in community education and engagement in the potable reuse space.

Water management in Windhoek, Namibia

2007 ◽  
Vol 55 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 441-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Lahnsteiner ◽  
G. Lempert
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation ◽  
Water Shortages ◽  
Financial Measures ◽  
Potable Reuse ◽  
Direct Potable Reuse ◽  
The City

For decades, the city of Windhoek in Namibia succeeded in stretching their limited potable water resources through strict water management, latterly including wastewater reclamation and direct potable reuse. An integrated approach was followed and proper policies were put in place. This was followed up with appropriate legislation, education, policing and technical and financial measures with the result that extreme water shortages were overcome even in times of severe droughts.

scholarly journals International research agency perspectives on potable water reuse

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (5) ◽  
pp. 563-580 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jo Burgess ◽  
Melissa Meeker ◽  
Julie Minton ◽  
Mark O'Donohue
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
International Research ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Political Issues ◽  
Potable Reuse ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Direct Potable Reuse

This paper summarises the technical, social and political issues regarding direct potable reuse in the USA, Australia, and South Africa.

scholarly journals Demonstrating process robustness of potable reuse trains during challenge testing with elevated levels of acetone, formaldehyde, NDMA, and 1,4-dioxane

2019 ◽  
Vol 68 (5) ◽  
pp. 313-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo A. Tackaert ◽  
Aleksey N. Pisarenko ◽  
Elise C. Chen ◽  
Aviv Kolakovsky ◽  
Brian M. Pecson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Advanced Oxidation Process ◽  
Advanced Treatment ◽  
Biological Activated Carbon ◽  
Potable Reuse ◽  
Challenge Testing ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Treatment Train ◽  
Significant Attenuation ◽  
Challenge Tests ◽  
Trace Organic Chemicals

Abstract Robustness of a demonstration potable reuse facility was evaluated through a series of system-wide chemical challenge tests spiking neutral low-molecular weight compounds (acetone, formaldehyde, N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), and 1,4-dioxane) which are known to be challenging for removal through advanced treatment. Two advanced treatment train arrangements were compared: O3/BAC-MF/UF-RO-AOP and RO-AOP. Ozone and biological activated carbon (O3/BAC) offered significant attenuation of the smallest and most biologically degradable compounds tested: acetone and formaldehyde. These two compounds had limited reduction across the reverse osmosis (RO) membrane barrier and the different advanced oxidation process (AOP) setups used. 1,4-Dioxane was partially reduced across the oxidation barriers: 62% across ozonation and up to 95% across AOP depending on oxidant used and oxidant dose. Both a hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) based AOP (UV/H2O2) and a sodium hypochlorite (as HOCl) based AOP (UV/HOCl) demonstrated sufficient oxidation, providing no less than 0.5-log (68%) 1,4-dioxane attenuation required by regulators in the USA. NDMA was reduced across both UV/H2O2 and UV/HOCl from 157 to 267 ng/L to below the 10 ng/L established notification level for drinking water in California. Overall, addition of O3/BAC enhanced cumulative removal of all the spiked trace organic chemicals, providing greater protection against the spiked contaminants than RO-AOP alone. In addition, online total organic carbon (TOC) monitoring successfully captured the presence of the spiked chemicals.

Long Term Experience with Seawalls on an Exposed Coast

1989 ◽  
Author(s):  
Orville T. Magoon ◽  
Joan L. Pope ◽  
Robert L. Sloan ◽  
Donald D. Treadwell
Keyword(s):  
Long Term Experience

Sanctions of the USA and the Policy of Bank of Russia:double Blow to the National Economy

2014 ◽  
pp. 13-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Glazyev
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
Economic Sanctions ◽  
Capital Flight ◽  
Practical Advice ◽  
The Us ◽  
Monetary Authorities ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Simultaneous Adoption ◽  
The Eu

This article examines fundamental questions of monetary policy in the context of challenges to the national security of Russia in connection with the imposition of economic sanctions by the US and the EU. It is proved that the policy of the Russian monetary authorities, particularly the Central Bank, artificially limiting the money supply in the domestic market and pandering to the export of capital, compounds the effects of economic sanctions and plunges the economy into depression. The article presents practical advice on the transition from external to domestic sources of long-term credit with the simultaneous adoption of measures to prevent capital flight.

Modern prevention and active longevity programs on the basis of disruptive domestic technologies: positive experience and prospects for application

2020 ◽  
pp. 66-73
Author(s):  
A. Simonova ◽  
S. Chudakov ◽  
R. Gorenkov ◽  
V. Egorov ◽  
A. Gostry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Personalized Medicine ◽  
Early Detection ◽  
Laboratory Diagnostics ◽  
Positive Experience ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Integrated Program ◽  
Long Term Experience ◽  
Early Detection And Prevention

The article summarizes the long-term experience of practical application of domestic breakthrough technologies of preventive personalized medicine for laboratory diagnostics of a wide range of socially significant non-infectious diseases. Conceptual approaches to the formation of an integrated program for early detection and prevention of civilization diseases based on these technologies are given. A vision of the prospects for the development of this area in domestic and foreign medicine has been formed.

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