Treatment of Trace Organic Compounds by Membrane Processes: At the Lake Arrowhead Water Reuse Pilot Plant

Organic and trace organic performance data for ultrafiltration (UF), nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO) at the Lake Arrowhead water reclamation pilot plant are analyzed to determine the treatment efficiency of these processes in an indirect potable reuse design. Four organic parameters were studied: dissolved organic carbon (DOC), ultra-violet absorbance at 254 nm (UV-254), SUVA and base neutral analysis (BNA). UF and NF removed the larger compounds from the influent, but had no significant impact on the base neutral fraction with the exception of sterols. The RO process removed DOC and UV-absorbance compounds from the effluent to their respective detection limits. Base neutral compounds were significantly removed by RO, leaving at extremely low concentrations small molecular weight compounds, indicating indirect potable reuse is technically feasible.

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Treatment of Trace Organic Compounds by Membrane Processes: At the Lake Arrowhead Water Reuse Pilot Plant

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.1016/s0273-1223(99)00511-9 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 40 (4-5) ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Keyword(s):

Organic Compounds ◽

Pilot Plant ◽

Water Reuse ◽

Trace Organic Compounds ◽

Membrane Processes ◽

Trace Organic

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Public acceptability of indirect potable water reuse in the south-east of England

Water Science & Technology Water Supply ◽

10.2166/ws.2014.051 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 14 (5) ◽

pp. 875-885 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Victoria Aitken ◽

Sarah Bell ◽

Sian Hills ◽

Lucy Rees

Keyword(s):

Water Reuse ◽

Public Perception ◽

Public Attitudes ◽

Belief System ◽

Feasibility Studies ◽

The United States ◽

The South ◽

Potable Reuse ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Indirect Potable Reuse

Public controversy over planned indirect potable reuse of wastewater has been a significant obstacle to implementing proposed schemes in the United States and Australia. Surveys of public attitudes to water reuse have generally shown lower acceptance of indirect potable reuse compared with other reuse options, such as irrigation. The south-east of England is projected to experience a shortfall in water supply by 2020 and the largest water utility in the region, Thames Water, is investigating indirect potable reuse as a potential new supply option. The indirect potable reuse feasibility studies include evaluation of the technology options and water quality as well as detailed consideration of public perception issues. As part of the work to address the latter, 2,000 Thames Water customers participated in an on-line survey of their attitudes to indirect potable reuse. The survey showed overall support for the idea of indirect potable reuse. The only demographic factor to show any significant difference from the whole sample was belief system, with Muslim respondents showing significantly less support than other groups. The survey results indicate that indirect potable reuse may be socially acceptable in the south-east of England, but that public engagement and participation in future decision making about indirect potable reuse will be important for the success of any particular proposal.

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Public Acceptance: The Greatest Barrier to Widespread Water Reuse

Water Practice & Technology ◽

10.2166/wpt.2008.035 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

G. Wade Miller

Keyword(s):

Water Reuse ◽

Public Perception ◽

Reclaimed Water ◽

Public Acceptance ◽

Highly Qualified ◽

Potable Reuse ◽

The Public ◽

The Past ◽

Indirect Potable Reuse ◽

Past Half

Most knowledgeable observers would agree that the greatest barrier to the use of recycled/reclaimed water for various applications around the globe is gaining the acceptance of the public. Several highly qualified researchers have conducted studies on public perception and public acceptance over the past half-dozen years. Each of these studies has advanced the state of understanding of the public's reluctance to fully accept the use of reclaimed water, especially for indirect potable reuse. It is incumbent upon the water reuse community to move beyond gaining an understanding of public concerns to a phase in which we devise practical and workable approaches to the problem of acceptance. The water reuse community must formulate a basic strategy and then implement it. While it would be naïve to believe that every local situation is the same, it is possible for the global water reuse community to begin to agree on the basic elements of the strategy needed to ensure public acceptance. This paper will focus on these needed elements, which include common terminology, positive branding, research on microconstituents, embracing stakeholders, and communicating the value of water.

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A Review of Water Reuse and Recycling, with Reference to Canadian Practice and Potential: 2. Applications

Water Quality Research Journal ◽

10.2166/wqrj.2004.004 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 39 (1) ◽

pp. 13-28 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Kirsten Exall

Keyword(s):

Groundwater Recharge ◽

Water Reuse ◽

Municipal Wastewater ◽

Reclaimed Water ◽

Potable Reuse ◽

Industrial Sectors ◽

The World ◽

Housing Corporation ◽

Indirect Potable Reuse ◽

Treated Municipal Wastewater

Abstract Common water reuse applications include agricultural and landscape irrigation with treated municipal wastewater, industrial recirculation of process waters, rainwater collection, and groundwater recharge for non-potable and indirect potable reuse. As compared to other countries worldwide, water reuse is currently practised infrequently in Canada, with the focus of most of the water reuse effort within Canada on agricultural irrigation applications. Landscape irrigation and other non-potable urban uses are practised to some extent, but provide an opportunity for expanded application of reclaimed water. Similarly, while water recycling is practised to various degrees within specific industrial sectors, further industrial water reuse and recycling affords an opportunity to conserve large volumes of water. The Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC) has supported a great deal of research into treatment and reuse of domestic greywater for non-potable uses within individual buildings, as well as some work on rainwater collection and use. Groundwater recharge and potable reuse are practised to some extent in extremely dry regions of the world, but public health concerns with respect to emerging trace contaminants may limit the spread of these reuse applications. The main issues associated with each of the above applications are reviewed, and the state of Canadian water reuse and recycling is described.

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Operating boundaries of full-scale advanced water reuse treatment plants: many lessons learned from pilot plant experience

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2010.437 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 62 (7) ◽

pp. 1560-1566 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

C. Bele ◽

Y. Kumar ◽

T. Walker ◽

Y. Poussade ◽

V. Zavlanos

Keyword(s):

Pilot Plant ◽

Water Reuse ◽

Lessons Learned ◽

Recycled Water ◽

Potable Reuse ◽

Demonstration Plant ◽

Plant Trials ◽

Long Term Performance ◽

Operation Flexibility ◽

Term Performance

Three Advanced Water Treatment Plants (AWTP) have recently been built in South East Queensland as part of the Western Corridor Recycled Water Project (WCRWP) producing Purified Recycled Water from secondary treated waste water for the purpose of indirect potable reuse. At Luggage Point, a demonstration plant was primarily operated by the design team for design verification. The investigation program was then extended so that the operating team could investigate possible process optimisation, and operation flexibility. Extending the demonstration plant investigation program enabled monitoring of the long term performance of the microfiltration and reverse osmosis membranes, which did not appear to foul even after more than a year of operation. The investigation primarily identified several ways to optimise the process. It highlighted areas of risk for treated water quality, such as total nitrogen. Ample and rapid swings of salinity from 850 to 3,000 mg/l-TDS were predicted to affect the RO process day-to-day operation and monitoring. Most of the setpoints used for monitoring under HACCP were determined during the pilot plant trials.

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An Australian perspective on DPR: technologies, sustainability and community acceptance

Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination ◽

10.2166/wrd.2015.180 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 6 (3) ◽

pp. 355-361 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Ian B. Law

Keyword(s):

Water Supply ◽

Recent Work ◽

Western Australia ◽

Community Education ◽

Water Recycling ◽

Potable Reuse ◽

Community Acceptance ◽

Indirect Potable Reuse ◽

Direct Potable Reuse

Australia has had guidelines in place for water recycling (for all uses other than potable reuse) since 2006. These guidelines were extended in May 2008 to cover potable reuse and have since been applied to two potable reuse schemes – one in Brisbane (Queensland) in 2011 and the second in Perth (Western Australia) in 2013. These guidelines cover both indirect potable reuse and direct potable reuse (DPR) and outline the steps that must be followed in the planning and validation of such schemes. This paper summarizes: (i) recent work carried out in Australia on treatment trains and technologies suitable for DPR; (ii) sustainability considerations of DPR and how it compares with other water supply options; and (iii) developments in community education and engagement in the potable reuse space.

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