scholarly journals Longitudinal assessment of point‐of‐use carbon filters for removal of per‐ and polyfluoroalkyl substances from private well water

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Riley Mulhern ◽  
Nichole Bynum ◽  
Chamindu Liyanapatirana ◽  
Noelle J. DeStefano ◽  
Detlef R. U. Knappe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Well Water ◽  
Longitudinal Assessment ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Polyfluoroalkyl Substances

scholarly journals Under-Sink Activated Carbon Water Filters Effectively Remove Lead from Private Well Water for over Six Months

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 3584
Author(s):  
Riley Mulhern ◽  
Jacqueline MacDonald Gibson
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
The United States ◽  
Well Water ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Metals Removal ◽  
Lead Levels ◽  
Minimal Data ◽  
Water Filters ◽  
Private Wells

Children who rely on private well water in the United States have been shown to be at greater risk of having elevated blood lead levels. Evidence-based solutions are needed to prevent drinking water lead exposure among private well users, but minimal data are available regarding the real-world effectiveness of available interventions like point-of-use water treatment for well water. In this study, under-sink activated carbon block water filters were tested for lead and other heavy metals removal in an eight-month longitudinal study in 17 homes relying on private wells. The device removed 98% of all influent lead for the entirety of the study, with all effluent lead levels less than 1 µg/L. Profile sampling in a subset of homes showed that the faucet fixture is a significant source of lead leaching where well water is corrosive. Flushing alone was not capable of reducing first-draw lead to levels below 1 µg/L, but the under-sink filter was found to increase the safety and effectiveness of faucet flushing. The results of this study can be used by individual well users and policymakers alike to improve decision-making around the use of under-sink point-of-use devices to prevent disproportionate lead exposures among private well users.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of point‐of‐use/point‐of‐entry systems to remove per‐ and polyfluoroalkyl substances from drinking water

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. e1131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig Patterson ◽  
Jonathan Burkhardt ◽  
Donald Schupp ◽  
E. Radha Krishnan ◽  
Stephen Dyment ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Point Of Entry ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Polyfluoroalkyl Substances

scholarly journals Assessing arsenic exposure in households using bottled water or point-of-use treatment systems to mitigate well water contamination

2016 ◽  
Vol 544 ◽  
pp. 701-710 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew E. Smith ◽  
Rebecca A. Lincoln ◽  
Chris Paulu ◽  
Thomas L. Simones ◽  
Kathleen L. Caldwell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Contamination ◽  
Arsenic Exposure ◽  
Bottled Water ◽  
Well Water ◽  
Point Of Use

scholarly journals Comparison of Point-of-Use Technologies for Emergency Disinfection of Sewage-Contaminated Drinking Water

2009 ◽  
Vol 75 (22) ◽  
pp. 7283-7286 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Devin McLennan ◽  
Lauren A. Peterson ◽  
Joan B. Rose
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Well Water ◽  
Fecal Indicator ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Contaminated Drinking Water

ABSTRACT Four point-of-use disinfection technologies for treating sewage-contaminated well water were compared. Three systems, based on flocculant-disinfectant packets and N-halamine chlorine and bromine contact disinfectants, provided a range of 4.0 to >6.6 log10 reductions (LR) of naturally occurring fecal indicator and heterotrophic bacteria and a range of 0.9 to >1.9 LR of coliphage.

Evaluation of Point of Use Water Treatment Devices for Removal of Mine Wastes from Well Water

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig Patterson ◽  
Craig Smith ◽  
Manuel Schmaedick ◽  
Rajib Sinha ◽  
Don Schupp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Well Water ◽  
Mine Wastes ◽  
Point Of Use

Comparing centralized and point‐of‐use treatments of per‐ and polyfluoroalkyl substances

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Taler S. Bixler ◽  
Cuihong Song ◽  
Weiwei Mo
Keyword(s):  
Point Of Use ◽  
Polyfluoroalkyl Substances

Silicon Substitution for Calcium in the Shell of the Fingernail Clam, Musculium Transversum Studied By X-Ray Analysis

1980 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 560-561
Author(s):  
Judith A. Murphy ◽  
Anthony Paparo ◽  
Richard Sparks
Keyword(s):  
Carbonic Anhydrase ◽  
River Water ◽  
Food Chains ◽  
Well Water ◽  
Shell Formation ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Molluscan Shell ◽  
Fingernail Clams

Fingernail clams (Muscu1ium transversum) are dominant bottom-dwelling animals in some waters of the midwest U.S. These organisms are key links in food chains leading from nutrients in water and mud to fish and ducks which are utilized by man. In the mid-1950’s, fingernail clams disappeared from a 100-mile section of the Illinois R., a tributary of the Mississippi R. Some factor(s) in the river and/or sediment currently prevent clams from recolonizing areas where they were formerly abundant. Recently, clams developed shell deformities and died without reproducing. The greatest mortality and highest incidence of shell deformities appeared in test chambers containing the highest proportion of river water to well water. The molluscan shell consists of CaCO3, and the tissue concerned in its secretion is the mantle. The source of the carbonate is probably from metabolic CO2 and the maintenance of ionized Ca concentration in the mantle is controlled by carbonic anhydrase. The Ca is stored in extracellular concentric spherical granules(0.6-5.5μm) which represent a large amount of inertCa in the mantle. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the role of raw river water and well water on shell formation in the fingernail clam.

Instrumental and Ideological Union Commitment: Longitudinal Assessment of Construct Validity

2001 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 98-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anders Sjöberg ◽  
Magnus Sverke
Keyword(s):  
Construct Validity ◽  
Temporal Stability ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Internal Consistency Reliability ◽  
Measurement Model ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Longitudinal Assessment ◽  
Union Commitment ◽  
Union Participation

Summary: Previous research has identified instrumentality and ideology as important aspects of member attachment to labor unions. The present study evaluated the construct validity of a scale designed to reflect the two dimensions of instrumental and ideological union commitment using a sample of 1170 Swedish blue-collar union members. Longitudinal data were used to test seven propositions referring to the dimensionality, internal consistency reliability, and temporal stability of the scale as well as postulated group differences in union participation to which the scale should be sensitive. Support for the hypothesized factor structure of the scale and for adequate reliabilities of the dimensions was obtained and was also replicated 18 months later. Tests for equality of measurement model parameters and test-retest correlations indicated support for the temporal stability of the scale. In addition, the results were consistent with most of the predicted differences between groups characterized by different patterns of change/stability in union participation status. The study provides strong support for the construct validity of the scale and indicates that it can be used in future theory testing on instrumental and ideological union commitment.

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