The crucian carp (Carassius carassius) is one of few fish species associated with small ponds in the UK. These populations contain genetic diversity not found in Europe and are important to conservation efforts for the species, which has declined across its range. Detection and monitoring of extant crucian carp populations are crucial for conservation success. Environmental DNA (eDNA) analysis could be very useful in this respect as a rapid, cost-efficient monitoring tool. We developed a species-specific quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay for eDNA surveillance of crucian carp to enable non-invasive, large-scale distribution monitoring. We compared fyke netting and eDNA at ponds with (N = 10) and without (N = 10) crucian carp for presence-absence detection and relative abundance estimation, specifically whether DNA copy number reflected catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE) estimate. We examined biotic and abiotic influences on eDNA detection and quantification, and compared qPCR to standard PCR. Notably, eDNA occurrence and detection probabilities in relation to biotic and abiotic factors were estimated using a hierarchical occupancy model. eDNA analysis achieved 90% detection for crucian carp (N = 10), failing in only one pond where presence was known. We observed an overall positive trend between DNA copy number and CPUE estimate, but this was not significant. Macrophyte cover decreased the probability of eDNA occurrence at ponds, whereas CPUE and conductivity had positive and negative influences on eDNA detection probability in qPCR replicates respectively. Conductivity also had a negative effect on DNA copy number, but copy number increased with temperature and percentage of macrophyte cover. PCR was comparable to qPCR for species detection and may provide semi-quantitative information. Our results demonstrate that eDNA could enable detection of crucian carp populations in ponds and benefit ongoing conservation efforts, but imperfect species detection in relation to biotic and abiotic factors and eDNA workflow requires further investigation. Nonetheless, we have established an eDNA framework for crucian carp and sources of imperfect detection which future investigations can build upon.
Effect of biotic and abiotic factors on the production and degradation of fish environmental DNA: An experimental evaluation
