Evaluation of Water Suitability for Sustainable Seaweed (Kappaphycus Alvarezii) Cultivation to Support Science Technopark in North Kalimantan

Tarakan dry seaweed production increased during 2012-2018 for the cultivation of Kappaphycus alvarezii with the longline planting method. This study aims to assess the quality of the waters and their suitability for seaweed cultivation on the coast of Tarakan Island. The environmental parameters of water quality measured were chlorophyll-a, water temperature, salinity, pH, DO, TDS, turbidity, nitrate, phosphate, water depth, current velocity, protection, research location, and distance between settlements. The study was conducted with in-situ and ex-situ measurements based on APHA (2012). Water samples were taken using the multi-parameter Horiba U51. chlorophyll-a was analyzed using spectrophotometric methods, nitrate levels were analyzed using SNI 06-6989.79-2011, while phosphates were analyzed using SNI 06-6989.31-2005. The suitability of the waters is divided into 4 classes, S1 (very suitable), S2 (suitable), S3 (marginally suitable), and N (not suitable). The results showed that the coast of Tarakan Island has 3 categories, namely marginally suitable (S3) 13.20%, suitable (S2) 86.50%, and very suitable (S1) 0.30%. The existing condition of the coastal waters of Tarakan Island supports the cultivation of K. alvarezii seaweed. Tarakan Island coastal existing condition as an areal support seaweed cultivation K. alvarezii with the potential to be developed land area of 33896.73 ha.

The potential of seaweed cultivation to achieve carbon neutrality and mitigate deoxygenation and eutrophication

Carbon neutrality has been proposed due to the increasing concerns about the consequences of rising atmospheric CO2. Previous studies overlooked the role of lost particle organic carbon (POC) and excreted dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from seaweed cultivation in carbon sequestration, that is to say, long term carbon storage in the oceanic sediments and in the water. This study assessed the potential of seaweed cultivation to achieve carbon neutrality of China by 2060 using a new method that included lost POC and excreted DOC. Based on the seaweed production in the years 2015-2019 in China, harvested seaweed removed 605,193 tonnes of carbon, 70,304 tonnes of nitrogen and 8,619 tonnes of phosphorus from seawaters annually; farmed seaweed sequestrated 343,766 tonnes of carbon and generated 2530,558 tonnes of oxygen annually. Among the seven farmed seaweeds, Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis has the highest capacities for carbon removal (9.58 tonnes ha-1 yr-1) and sequestration (5.44 tonnes ha-1 yr-1) and thus has the smallest cultivation area required to sequestrate 2.5 Gt CO2 that is annually required to achieve China's carbon neutrality goal by 2060. The O2 generated by seaweed cultivation could increase dissolved oxygen in seawaters (0-3 m deep) by 21% daily, which could effectively counteract deoxygenation in seawaters. Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis also has the highest N removal capacity while Saccharina japonica has the highest P removal capacity. To completely absorb the N and P released from the fish mariculture, a production level or a cultivation area two and three times larger (assuming productivity remains unchanged) would be required. This study indicates that seaweed cultivation could play an important role in achieving carbon neutrality and mitigating deoxygenation and eutrophication in seawaters. Cultivation cost could be offset to some extent by increased sales of the harvest parts of the seaweed for food and biofuel.

Quality of carrageenan extracted from Eucheuma cottonii cultivated at three different locations in Lampung

This study aims to compare the quality of carrageenan extracted from Eucheuma cottonii harvested from three different seaweed cultivation locations at Ketapang, South Lampung. The three locations selected were Ruguk, Legundi and Tri Dharma Yoga Villages. Some important quality parameters were observed to compare the quality of carrageenan covering yield, viscosity and gel strength, in addition, the other three supporting parameters were moisture, ash, and acid insoluble ash content. Results showed that the viscosity of carrageenan from the three locations ranged from 736.67-936.67 cP and gel strength 487.77-538.22 g/cm2, while moisture, ash and acid insoluble ash content were 12.09-13.94%, 16.28-17.13%, and 0.27-0.33%, respectively. It was concluded that the quality of carrageenan from Legundi Village was the best compared to those from the two other villages.

Abundance of Plankton in the Waters of Geger Beach, Badung Regency, Bali

Geger Beach is located in Peminge traditional village area, Sawangan, Nusa Dua, Bali which is a tourism area and there is seaweed cultivation managed by local people. Such human activity will affect the quality of the waters which will result in an increase in nutrients and organic matter which can further lead to changes in the structure of plankton. The purpose of this study is to find out the types of plankton and the abundance of plankton found in the waters of Geger Beach using the pour method. This research was conducted in March 2021. Sampling is conducted once a week at three observation points. The total phytoplankton species obtained as many as 32 species consisting of 6 classes, namely Bacillariophyceae (23 genera), Xanthophyceae (1 genus), Cyanophyceae (3 genera), Ulvophyceae (1 genus), Conjugatophyceae or Zygnematophyceae (2 genera), Coscinodiscophyceae (2 genera). The dominant type of phytoplankton found during the study was the Gyrosigma fasciola species in the Bacillariophyceae class. Meanwhile, the total zooplankton obtained by 11 species consisting of 5 classes, namely Maxillopoda (3 genera), Hexanauplia (3 genera), Magnoliopsida, Branchiopoda, and Copepoda (1 genus). The dominant type of zooplankton found during the study was the Cyclops sp. species in the Maxillopoda class. The average abundance of phytoplankton is 120 cells/l, while the average abundance of zooplankton is 20 cells/l. The average diversity value of phytoplankton is 2,7, while the diversity of zooplankton is 1,4. The average dominance index value of phytoplankton is 0,06, while the average zooplankton dominance index is 0,25.

Peningkatan Keterampilan dan Perekonomian Masyarakat Pesisir Pulau Lemukutan melalui Pelatihan Pembuatan Snack Berbasis Rumput laut

The waters of Lemukutan Island have the potential of natural resources, including seaweed. Since 2011, Lemukutan Island has been the largest seaweed cultivation center in West Kalimantan. However, the Covid-19 pandemic has attacked all sectors and caused a decline in prices for fishery-based food commodities. This condition causes the farmers to suffer losses and the seaweed cultivation activity also decreases. Training on making snacks and seaweed jelly boba has been carried out to revive the economy of the coastal communities of Lemukutan Island. This activity involves all levels of the community through representatives of each RT using a hybrid method. Training is carried out with strict health protocols. This activity aims to improve the skills of coastal communities in processing seaweed-based foods. The training participants were very enthusiastic, from the presentation about the benefits of consuming seaweed for human health to the practice of making seaweed snacks and jelly. ===== Perairan Pulau Lemukutan memiliki potensi sumber daya alam yang melimpah termasuk rumput laut. Sejak 2011, Pulau Lemukutan menjadi sentra usaha budi daya rumput laut terbesar di Kalimantan Barat. Namun, pandemi Covid-19 telah menyerang semua sektor kehidupan dan menyebabkan kemerosotan harga pada komoditas pangan berbasis perikanan. Kondisi ini mengakibatkan pembudi daya mengalami kerugian dan usaha budi daya rumput laut di Pulau Lemukutan juga menurun. Pelatihan pembuatan snack krenyes dan jelly boba rumput laut telah dilaksanakan untuk menumbuhkan kembali perekonomian masyarakat pesisir Pulau Lemukutan. Kegiatan ini melibatkan seluruh lapisan masyarakat Pulau Lemukutan melalui perwakilan tiap RT dengan metode hibrid. Pelatihan dilaksanakan dengan protokol kesehatan yang tegas. Kegiatan ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan keterampilan masyarakat pesisir dalam mengolah makanan berbasis rumput laut. Peserta pelatihan sangat antusias mengikuti kegiatan, mulai dari pemaparan materi tentang manfaat dari mengonsumsi rumput laut bagi kesehatan manusia hingga praktik pembuatan snack dan jelly rumput laut.

A Multidimensional Approach to Assessing the Leverage Factors of the Sustainability of Seaweed Farming in Coastal Area of Parigi Moutong District, Indonesia

The sustainability of seaweed cultivation is influenced by multidimensional factors such as the quality of the aquatic environment, cultivation technology, economic contribution to cultivators, social conditions of the community, and government institutional support. This paper aims to reveal the leveraging factors for the sustainability of seaweed cultivation in the coastal area of Parigi Moutong Regency by using a multidimensional scaling approach and the RAPFISH application. The results showed that the sustainability of seaweed cultivation in the coastal area of Parigi Moutong Regency was in the less sustainable category. Leveraging factors that play an important role in the sustainability of seaweed farming are employment at the cultivator level and the feasibility of cultivation as a good factor, while the low quality of seeds of seaweed, socio-cultural capital, and fluctuating commodities prices are categorized as bad factors.

Environmental impacts of seaweed cultivation: kelp farming and preservation

This chapter provides an overview of the environmental impacts of the supply chain for preserved seaweed. The supply chain includes the hatchery, marine infrastructure, deployment of juveniles and monitoring during cultivation (grow-out of seaweed), harvest, transport back to shore and preservation of the biomass. The chapter starts with a short overview of the life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology, and how it can be used to quantify the environmental impacts of seaweed supply chains. After a discussion of the overall environmental impacts of the preserved seaweed supply chain, the chapter focuses on specific life cycle stages: spore preparation and seeding of juvenile seaweed onto string in the hatchery, seaweed cultivation, harvesting preservation and storage of harvested seaweed. The chapter ends with a summary and discussion of future trends in the subject.