scholarly journals Understanding the Relationship Between Crown Shape and Size and Structural Complexity of Individual Trees

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ninni Saarinen ◽  
Kim Calders ◽  
Ville Kankare ◽  
Tuomas Yrttimaa ◽  
Samuli Junttila ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Structural Complexity ◽  
Crown Shape ◽  
Individual Trees ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Shape And Size

Structural Aspects of Phonological Development

1988 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen E. Pollock ◽  
Richard G. Schwartz
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Management ◽  
Structural Complexity ◽  
Strong Preference ◽  
Phonological Development ◽  
Structural Position ◽  
Phonological Disorders ◽  
Syllabic Structure ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Structural Aspects ◽  
Target Words

The relationship between syllabic structure and segmental development was examined longitudinally in a child with a severe phonological disorder. Six speech samples were collected over a 4-year period (3:5 to 7:3). Analyses revealed gradual increases in the complexity and diversity of the syllable structures produced, and positional preferences for sounds within these forms. With a strong preference for [d] and [n] at the beginning of syllables, other consonants appeared first at the end of syllables. Implications for clinical management of phonological disorders include the need to consider both structural position and structural complexity in assessing segmental skills and in choosing target words for intervention.

scholarly journals Il pentagono come strumento per il disegno delle fortezze

X ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paola Magnaghi-Delfino ◽  
Giampiero Mele ◽  
Tullia Norando
Keyword(s):  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Golden Section ◽  
Fibonacci Sequence ◽  
Isosceles Triangle ◽  
Luca Pacioli ◽  
Golden Triangle ◽  
The Military ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Shape And Size

The pentagon as a tool for fortresses’ drawingStarting from the fifteenth century, the diagram of many fortresses has a pentagonal shape. Among the best known fortresses, in Italy we find the Fortezza da Basso of Florence, the Cittadella of Parma, the Cittadella  of Turin,  Castel Sant’Angelo in Rome. The aim of this article is to analyze the reasons that link form and geometry to the planning of the design and the layout of pentagonal fortresses. The pentagon is a polygon tied to the golden section and to the Fibonacci sequence and it is possible to construct it starting from the golden triangle and its gnomon. This construction of the pentagon is already found in the book De Divina Proportione by Luca Pacioli and is particularly convenient for planning pentagonal fortresses. If one wants to draw the first approximated golden triangle, one can just consider the numbers of the Fibonacci sequence, for example 5 and 8, which establish the relationship between the sides: 5 units is the length of the base and 8 units the length of the equal sides. In the second isosceles triangle, which is the gnomon of the first, the base is 8 units long and equal sides are 5 units long; half of this isosceles triangle is the Pythagorean triangle (3, 4, 5). This characteristic of the golden triangles, that was already known by the Pythagoreans and, in a certain sense, contained in the symbol of their School, allows to build a pentagon with only the use of the ruler and the set square. The distinctive trait of the construction just described makes preferable to use the pentagon in the layout of the military architectures in the fieldworks. We have verified the relationship between numbers, shape and size in the layout of Castel Sant’Angelo (1555-1559) in which the approximate pentagon was the instrument for the generation of its form.

scholarly journals Tomato Phenotypic Diversity Determined by Combined Approaches of Conventional and High-Throughput Tomato Analyzer Phenotyping

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amol N. Nankar ◽  
Ivanka Tringovska ◽  
Stanislava Grozeva ◽  
Daniela Ganeva ◽  
Dimitrina Kostova
Keyword(s):  
Phenotypic Diversity ◽  
Hierarchical Cluster ◽  
Shape Index ◽  
Fruit Shape ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
Correlation Networks ◽  
Vegetative Traits ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Shape And Size ◽  
Tomato Analyzer

Morphological variation in vegetative and fruit traits is a key determinant in unraveling phenotypic diversity. This study was designed to assess phenotypic diversity in tomatoes and examine intra- and intervarietal groups’ variability using 28 conventional descriptors (CDs) and 47 Tomato Analyzer (TA) descriptors related to plant and fruit morphometry. Comprehensive phenotyping of 150 accessions representing 21 countries discerned noticeable variability for CD vegetative traits and TA quantified fruit features, such as shape, size, and color. Hierarchical cluster analysis divided the accessions into 10 distinct classes based on fruit shape and size. Multivariate analysis was used to assess divergence in variable traits among populations. Eight principal components with an eigenvalue >1 were identified by factor analysis, which contributed 87.5% variation to the total cumulative variance with the first two components contributing 32.0% and 18.1% variance, respectively. The relationship between vegetative and fruit descriptors was explained by respective CD and TA correlation networks. There was a strong positive correlation between fruit shape and size whereas negative correlations were between fruit shape index, internal eccentricity, and proximal end shape. The combined approach of CD and TA phenotyping allowed us to unravel the phenotypic diversity of vegetative and reproductive trait variation evaluated at pre- and post-harvest stages.

scholarly journals Epicormic Branches Affect Lumber Grade and Value in Willow Oak

2001 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 136-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
James S. Meadows ◽  
E.C. Burkhardt
Keyword(s):  
Random Sample ◽  
Detrimental Effect ◽  
Oak Trees ◽  
Individual Trees ◽  
Epicormic Branching ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Final Harvest ◽  
Lumber Grade ◽  
Epicormic Branches

Abstract A case study was conducted in a 50-yr-old bottomland oak stand in central Alabama to investigate the relationship between epicormic branches and lumber grade and value in willow oak (Quercus phellos L.). The stand had been thinned from below 7–10 yr earlier, resulting in a wide variety of epicormic branch conditions on the residual trees. A sample of 41 willow oak trees was selected before the stand was clearcut in late 1991. All merchantable logs in each tree were graded prior to felling. Average dbh of sampled trees was 19.1 in. Each tree averaged 9.5 epicormic branches on the sawlog portion of the bole. From these 41 trees, a random sample of 57 logs (31 butt logs and 26 upper logs) was shipped to a sawmill where they were sawn into lumber and graded. Epicormic branching had a large detrimental effect on log grade of individual trees. In general, as few as five epicormic branches somewhat evenly distributed on a 16 ft log was enough to cause a reduction in log grade. More importantly, defects caused by epicormic branches had a serious effect on lumber grade, particularly in the higher grades. Over 50% of the lumber volume that would have been graded as either First and Seconds or Select in the absence of epicormic branches was downgraded to No. 1 Common or below due to defects caused by epicormic branches. Based on lumber prices prevailing at the time of the study, defects caused by epicormic branches resulted in a 13% reduction in the value of the lumber produced in the final harvest. South. J. Appl. For.25(3):136–141.

An increase in habitat complexity reduces aggression and monopolization of food by zebra fish (Danio rerio)

1998 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 770-772 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seán P Basquill ◽  
James WA Grant
Keyword(s):  
Danio Rerio ◽  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Habitat Complexity ◽  
Structural Complexity ◽  
Zebra Fish ◽  
Resource Monopolization ◽  
Dominant Fish ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Complex Habitat

We tested the predictions that an increase in the structural complexity of a habitat causes both a decrease in aggression and the monopolization of resources. Groups of three zebra fish (Danio rerio) were allowed to compete for food in a complex habitat with simulated vegetation and in a simple habitat with no vegetation. As predicted, both the levels of aggression by the dominant fish (P = 0.050) and the coefficient of variation of the amount of food eaten within a group (P = 0.020), a measure of food monopolization, were lower in the complex habitat than in the simple one. Fish that chased competitors more frequently ate more food in both habitats, but the relationship was stronger in the simple than in the complex habitat. Our results suggest that aggression is less useful as a mode of competition in habitats with greater structural complexity. Manipulating the structural complexity of the habitat may be a practical way of controlling the intensity of aggression and resource monopolization in groups of animals.

The Development of Moral Behavior: Continuities and Discontinuities

1980 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 323-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Chandler ◽  
Michael Siegel ◽  
Michael Boyes
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Complexity ◽  
Moral Dilemma ◽  
Structural Complexity ◽  
Moral Dilemmas ◽  
Joint Product ◽  
Development Level ◽  
Behavioral Choices ◽  
Rules And Principles ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
The Relationship

A conceptual framework and supporting research findings are presented which are intended to contribute to a better understanding of the relationship between moral judgment and moral action. A transactional model, based in part upon the earlier work of Piaget, is outlined. Within this framework, the outcome of moral deliberation is viewed as the joint product of an individual's current level of cognitive complexity and the structural complexity of the moral dilemma which he or she must arbitrate. In this context cognitive development level is assumed to predict concrete behavioral choices whenever individuals are at least as complex as are the moral alternatives which confront them. In order to test this hypothesis, children at three levels of conceptual maturity were presented with six dilemmas, representing all pairwise combinations of rituals, rules and principles, and were required to formulate specific plans of action to resolve these conflicts. The results are consistent with the hypothesis and show a significant interaction between the structural complexity of moral dilemmas and cognitive complexity of persons who attempt to resolve them.

Analysis of the conductivity property of live working shielding clothing

2017 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 643-659 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying Su ◽  
Xiuchen Wang ◽  
Yaping Li ◽  
Zhen Pan ◽  
Zhe Liu
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Waves ◽  
Structural Complexity ◽  
Measuring Point ◽  
Conductivity Property ◽  
Structure Line ◽  
Design Production ◽  
Point To Point ◽  
Representative Points ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Resistance Value

Live working shielding clothing must be worn when working under the high-pressure environment. High voltage and electromagnetic waves are shielded by conducting principle, so as to reduce the harm to human body. At present, the relationship between the point to point resistance and the structure of clothing is not clear in the production and research of shielding clothing, its design, production, and test lack of theoretical guidance. In this paper, the electrical conductivity of the clothing is studied by measuring the point to point resistance of shielding clothing. The suitable method of measuring point to point resistance is designed, and test platform is build by U610E's digital multimeter and homemade special electrode and other equipment. The representative points are selected from the main latitude lines of clothing and the parts of contacting electrified equipment when wearing clothes, then measure the resistance value between different points. Through the analysis of the experimental results it can be found that, on the basis of good connection, the farther the distance between two points, the smaller the resistance value and the better the connectivity; the resistance value of the points that frequently contact with electrified equipment is significantly smaller than others; about the same distance of two points, if there is structure line in the middle, the resistance value is large; the structural complexity is proportional to the resistance value. It is concluded that the point to point resistance of shielding garment is related to the parts of contacting with electrified equipment during operation, the complexity of structure, and other relevant factors. In the design and production, we should focus on reducing the resistance value between the most distal of clothing, the parts of contacting electrification equipment and limbs, in order to increase its connectivity; the structural design of clothing should be simplified.

scholarly journals Assessing the Relationship Between Vegetation Structure and Harvestmen Assemblage in an Amazonian Upland Forest

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pío Colmenares ◽  
Fabrício B. Baccaro ◽  
Ana Lúcia Tourinho
Keyword(s):  
Vegetation Structure ◽  
Plant Architecture ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Structural Complexity ◽  
Local Scale ◽  
Permanent Plots ◽  
Arthropod Diversity ◽  
Manual Search ◽  
Large Trees ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract1. Arthropod diversity and non-flying arthropod food web are strongly influenced by habitat components related to plant architecture and habitat structural complexity. However, we still poorly understand the relationship between arthropod diversity and the vegetation structure at different spatial scales. Here, we examined how harvestmen assemblages are distributed across six local scale habitats (trees, dead trunks, palms, bushes, herbs and litter), and along three proxies of vegetation structure (number of palms, number of trees and litter depth) at mesoscale.2. We collected harvestmen using cryptic manual search in 30 permanent plots of 250 m at Reserva Ducke, Amazonas, Brazil. The 30 plots cover approximately 25 km2 of upland forests. At a local scale, harvestmen were most diverse and abundant on trees. The likely preference of trees by harvestmen may be related to the variety of local microhabitats offered by large trees. However, despite the strong link between number of harvestman species and individuals with large trees, only harvestmen assemblages composition were related with number of trees and with number of palms, at mesoscale.3. Harvestman richness and abundance were not related with any vegetation structure predictor at mesoscale. Therefore, areas of upland forest in the central Amazon with large trees and palms do not harbor more harvestman species nor individuals, but are suitable to maintain different harvestmen assemblages.

scholarly journals ACCURACY ASSESSMENT OF CROWN DELINEATION METHODS FOR THE INDIVIDUAL TREES USING LIDAR DATA

2016 ◽  
Vol XLI-B8 ◽  
pp. 585-588
Author(s):  
K. T Chang ◽  
C. Lin ◽  
Y. C. Lin ◽  
J. K. Liu
Keyword(s):  
Forest Canopy ◽  
Accuracy Assessment ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Estimation Methods ◽  
Surface Model ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Free Process ◽  
Crown Shape ◽  
Individual Trees

Forest canopy density and height are used as variables in a number of environmental applications, including the estimation of biomass, forest extent and condition, and biodiversity. The airborne Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) is very useful to estimate forest canopy parameters according to the generated canopy height models (CHMs). The purpose of this work is to introduce an algorithm to delineate crown parameters, e.g. tree height and crown radii based on the generated rasterized CHMs. And accuracy assessment for the extraction of volumetric parameters of a single tree is also performed via manual measurement using corresponding aerial photo pairs. A LiDAR dataset of a golf course acquired by Leica ALS70-HP is used in this study. Two algorithms, i.e. a traditional one with the subtraction of a digital elevation model (DEM) from a digital surface model (DSM), and a pit-free approach are conducted to generate the CHMs firstly. Then two algorithms, a multilevel morphological active-contour (MMAC) and a variable window filter (VWF), are implemented and used in this study for individual tree delineation. Finally, experimental results of two automatic estimation methods for individual trees can be evaluated with manually measured stand-level parameters, i.e. tree height and crown diameter. The resulting CHM generated by a simple subtraction is full of empty pixels (called "pits") that will give vital impact on subsequent analysis for individual tree delineation. The experimental results indicated that if more individual trees can be extracted, tree crown shape will became more completely in the CHM data after the pit-free process.

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