scholarly journals Plastic Debris in the Marine Environment: History and Future Challenges

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 1900081 ◽  
Author(s):  
Imogen Ellen Napper ◽  
Richard C. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Marine Environment ◽  
Plastic Debris ◽  
Future Challenges

Geosynthetic materials as a source of pollution of the marine environment by plastic debris

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena E. Esiukova ◽  
Boris V. Chubarenko ◽  
E. M. Burnashov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Marine Environment ◽  
Plastic Debris ◽  
Source Of Pollution

Methods of analysing chemicals associated with microplastics: a review

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 1361-1368 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. H. Hong ◽  
W. J. Shim ◽  
L. Hong
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Marine Environment ◽  
Plastic Debris ◽  
Analytical Approaches

Analytical approaches and methods applied to the chemical analysis of microplastics and plastic debris from the marine environment were reviewed.

Microplastics in sediments and fish from the Red Sea coast at Jeddah (Saudi Arabia)

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. 641 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sultan Al-Lihaibi ◽  
Asmaa Al-Mehmadi ◽  
Walied M. Alarif ◽  
Nahed O. Bawakid ◽  
Roland Kallenborn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Red Sea ◽  
Marine Environment ◽  
Coastal Waters ◽  
Background Information ◽  
Ftir Analysis ◽  
Plastic Debris ◽  
Sediment Samples ◽  
Local Species ◽  
Red Sea Coast ◽  
Sea Coast

Environmental contextMillions of tons of plastic debris are present in the marine environment. This study addresses the issue of microplastics in nearshore sediment and fish sampled from the Saudi coastal waters of the Red Sea. The results show that the sediments of all analysed stations contained microplastics, and microplastic particles were detected in almost half of the 140 sampled fish. AbstractThe amounts of microplastics in sediment samples obtained from four stations along the Jeddah coast were shown to range from not detected to 119particleskg−1 wet sediment. Four classes of microplastic particles in the sediment, that is, fragments, granules, foams and fibres, were characterised by fluorescence microscopy. Microplastics of various forms and sizes were also identified in 44% of the 140 sampled fish (6 local species) in amounts ranging from not detected to 30 microplastic particles per individual. Polyethylene terephthalate and vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymers were the dominant polymer types in the sediment samples identified by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis, while polystyrene, polyethylene and polyester were the dominant polymer types detected in fish. FTIR analysis showed that the most detected fibres were made of polyester. The results of this study emphasise that microplastic pollution represents an emerging threat to the marine environment of the Red Sea. The results of this study provide useful background information for further investigations and provide an accurate overview of the microplastics distribution in the marine environment of the Saudi Red Sea.

Climate Change and Maritime Boundaries

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Snjólaug Árnadóttir
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
International Law ◽  
Marine Environment ◽  
Coastal Ecosystems ◽  
Public International Law ◽  
Sea Levels ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
Core Concepts ◽  
Emerging Issues

Coastal States exercise sovereignty and sovereign rights in maritime zones, measured from their coasts. The limits to these maritime zones are bound to recede as sea levels rise and coastlines are eroded. Furthermore, ocean acidification and ocean warming are increasingly threatening coastal ecosystems, which States are obligated to protect and manage sustainably. These changes, accelerating as the planet heats, prompt an urgent need to clarify and update the international law of maritime zones. This book explains how bilateral maritime boundaries are established, and how coastal instability and vulnerable ecosystems can affect the delimitation process through bilateral negotiations or judicial settlement. Árnadóttir engages with core concepts within public international law to address emerging issues, such as diminishing territory and changing boundaries. She proposes viable ways of addressing future challenges and sets out how fundamental changes to the marine environment can justify termination or revision of settled maritime boundaries and related agreements.

Copernicus Marine Service: achievements, future challenges and long-term evolution

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre-Yves Le Traon
Keyword(s):  
Marine Environment ◽  
Global Ocean ◽  
Reference Information ◽  
Operational Capabilities ◽  
Service Evolution ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
Marine Environment Monitoring ◽  
Monitoring Service

<p>The Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service (CMEMS) provides regular and systematic reference information on the physical state, variability and dynamics of the ocean, ice and marine ecosystems for the global ocean and the European regional seas.  The Copernicus Marine Service has run a successful initial phase over the past five years.  Operational capabilities have been demonstrated, user uptake and user base have been steadily increasing and service evolution activities have allowed regular improvements of the products and services provided to users.  CMEMS now serves a wide range of users (more than 21,000 subscribers are registered to the service) and applications (maritime safety, marine resources, coastal and marine environment, weather, seasonal forecast and climate).  An overview of CMEMS achievements will be given and the presentation will highlight the essential role of R&D activities.  CMEMS priorities and scientific challenges for Copernicus 2 (2021-2027) will then be discussed.   </p>

11 The Role of International Law in Saving the Oceans and Future Challenges for the Legal Framework

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harrison James
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Marine Environment ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
International Community ◽  
Current State ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
Law Making

Chapter 11 is the concluding chapter of this book and it provides an overview of the current state of the legal framework for the protection of the marine environment. It describes the multifaceted and multilayered nature of regulation in this field and sketches the key interrelationships that take place between different treaty regimes. It also draws general conclusions about how key general principles have been applied across different sectors and what law-making procedures have been used in order to ensure the evolution of the legal framework. Finally, the chapter offers reflections on the key challenges that remain for the international community in tackling threats to the marine environment and potential strategies that may be available for States to meet these challenges.

Oil sands and the marine environment: current knowledge and future challenges

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 74-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie J Green ◽  
Kyle Demes ◽  
Michael Arbeider ◽  
Wendy J Palen ◽  
Anne K Salomon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Marine Environment ◽  
Oil Sands ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Future Challenges

scholarly journals The Ecotoxicological Effects of Microplastics on Primary Producers in the Marine Environment

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahibul Islam ◽  
Mahmudul Hasan ◽  
Bhaskar Chandra Majudmar ◽  
Sulav Indra Paul
Keyword(s):  
Coral Reef ◽  
Marine Environment ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Marine Ecosystem ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Primary Producers ◽  
Huge Amount ◽  
Plastic Debris ◽  
Seagrass Meadows ◽  
Ecotoxicological Effect

Plastic debris is an emerging environmental threat all over the world. But its effect and distribution in the marine ecosystem is barely known. Microplastics abundance in the marine vegetated area is about 2 to 3 times higher than the bare site in the ocean. Although seagrass meadows trap huge amount of microplastics over the ocean floor, a considerable amount of microplastics are also sink incorporating with the marine aggregates from the epipelagic zone of the ocean. Scavenging of microplastics by diatom aggregation decreases the sinking rate of them rather than cryptophyte. As we know, marine snow is the leading carbon source for zoobenthos, but the ubiquitous presence of microplastics damages cell of different microalgae which may alter the food webs of marine ecosystems.  Additionally, microplastics releases immense amount of dissolved organic carbons (DOC) in the surrounding seawater that stimulates the growth of heterotrophic microorganisms as well as their functional activity. Plastic debris result in outbreaks of disease in the marine environment and coral reefs are highly affected by it. When coral reef comes in contact with microplastics, the disease infestation rate of the reef increases massively. Three major disease viz., skeletal eroding band, white syndrome and black band of coral reef causes approximately 46% of reef mortality due to microplastics consumption. Due to complex structure and size, the corals accumulates huge amount of microplastics that increases growth of pathogens by hampering the coral immune system. Existing scientific evidence presents that exposure of microplastics in aquatic environments triggers a wide variety of toxic insult from feeding disruption to reproductive performance, disturbances in energy metabolism throughout the ocean. The present review focused on the ecotoxicological effect of microplastics on primary producers of ocean, its uptake, accumulation, and excretion, and its probable toxicity with risk assessment approaches. 

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