scholarly journals Specifying a State Guaranteed Health Benefits package for Kazakhstan: lessons for emerging economies and middle-income countries

2017 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 540-553
Author(s):  
Michael Jones ◽  
Tata Chanturidze ◽  
Sam Franzen ◽  
Alex Manu ◽  
Mike Naylor
Keyword(s):  
Emerging Economies ◽  
Health Benefits ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Benefits Package

DOES TECHNOLOGICAL SPECIALIZATION SPUR HIGH-TECHNOLOGY EXPORTS? EVIDENCE FROM PANEL QUANTILE REGRESSIONS

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (02) ◽  
pp. 2050013
Author(s):  
SIDHESWAR PANDA ◽  
RUCHI SHARMA
Keyword(s):  
Emerging Economies ◽  
Export Performance ◽  
High Technology ◽  
Quantile Regressions ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Technological Advantage ◽  
Technological Specialization

In view of the technological advances made by emerging economies, we revisit the role of technological specializations of different economies in determining their exports. Employing revealed technological advantage (RTA) index and revealed symmetric technological advantage (RSTA) index, this study explores the technological specialization of countries in different fields and its contribution to high-technology exports. Technological specializations are operationalized using patent data and further analyzed in context of country’s exports data of 63 countries during 2000–2013. Using panel quantile regressions analysis, this paper finds that technological specialization determines the export performance of countries in different categories. We find that middle-income countries are among the top countries with respect to few fields of technological specializations. Hence, there is a need to change the perspective whereby developing countries are viewed as mere technological follower. This finding has an implication for the role of patents in technological specialization and export performance, both of which are important factors in international competitiveness.

scholarly journals The Importance of a Food Systems Approach to Low and Middle Income Countries and Emerging Economies: A Review of Theories and Its Relevance for Disease Control and Malnutrition

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo Alarcon ◽  
Paula Dominguez-Salas ◽  
Eric M. Fèvre ◽  
Jonathan Rushton
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Food Safety ◽  
Emerging Economies ◽  
Food Systems ◽  
Food System ◽  
Systems Science ◽  
Multidisciplinary Teams ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Our review explores the changing food production, distribution and consumption environment in low and middle-income countries and emerging economies as a basis for framing how to study food systems in order to address public health issues of food safety and nutrition. It presents the state of knowledge on existing food systems science and its use in terms of sustainable actions for food safety and public health. The review identifies a knowledge gap in food system mapping and governance, with value chain mapping of key commodities often missing. Despite a number of initiatives, the application of food systems methods is highly variable in scope and quality. Most analyses concentrate on specific commodities, rarely taking into account the need for a whole diet approach when looking at nutrition or the assessment of a range of infectious agents and their interactions when looking at food safety. Of the studies included in the review there is a growing observation of “informal” food systems, a term used inconsistently and one that requires revision. “Informal” food systems link to the formal sector to provide food security, yet with trade-offs between economic efficiencies and food safety. Efforts to improve food safety are hampered by inadequate food safety capacities and a lack of policy coherence leading to: inadequate investment; fragmented food quality control systems; weak or non-existent traceability mechanisms; weak foodborne disease surveillance; obsolete food regulation; and weak regulatory enforcement. In-depth food systems assessments can complement risk analysis to identify risky behaviors and understand institutional settings in order to improve codes of practice and enforcement. Methods for looking at food safety from a food systems perspective are emerging, yet existing nutrition and food systems science are not advancing sufficiently in response to nutritional public health problems. There is an urgency for improved understanding of the structure and drivers of the food systems, for better planning of changes that leads to nutrients access and healthy levels of eating. It is proposed that countries and international institutions provide an atlas of food system maps for the key commodities based on an agreed common methodology and developed by multidisciplinary teams.

scholarly journals The Great Lockdown in the Wake of COVID-19 and Its Implications: Lessons for Low and Middle-Income Countries

2022 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 610
Author(s):  
Sigamani Panneer ◽  
Komali Kantamaneni ◽  
Vigneshwaran Subbiah Akkayasamy ◽  
A. Xavier Susairaj ◽  
Prasant Kumar Panda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emerging Economies ◽  
Distance Measures ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Scarce Resources ◽  
Effective Strategies ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Vulnerable Communities ◽  
Current Systematic Review ◽  
Lower Income Countries

Concern for public health has been growing with the increasing volume of cases of COVID-19 in India. To combat this pandemic, India has implemented nationwide lockdowns, and unlocking phases continue with certain restrictions in different parts of the country. The lockdown has required people to adopt social-distance measures to minimize contacts in order to reduce the risks of additional infection. Nevertheless, the lockdown has already impacted economic activities and other dimensions of the health of individuals and society. Although many countries have helped their people through advanced welfare protection networks and numerous support aids, several emerging economies face specific difficulties to adapt to the pandemic due to vulnerable communities and scarce resources. However, certain lower-income countries need more rigorous analysis to implement more effective strategies to combat COVID-19. Accordingly, the current systematic review addresses the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdowns in India in relation to health and the economy. This work also provides further information on health inequalities, eco-nomic and social disparities in the country due to the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdowns and also contributes pragmatic suggestions for overcoming these challenges. These observations will be useful to the relevant local and national officials for improving and adopting novel strategies to face lockdown challenges

scholarly journals Solar Home Systems for Clean Cooking: A Cost–Health Benefit Analysis of Lower-Middle-Income Countries in Southeast Asia

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 3909
Author(s):  
Jing Zhang ◽  
Roger Raufer ◽  
Lingxuan Liu
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Indoor Air ◽  
Indoor Air Pollution ◽  
Health Benefits ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Energy Poverty ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Home Systems

Limited access to clean energy has long been an obstacle to livelihood improvement of populations mired in energy poverty. Cooking with traditional biomass contributes to high levels of indoor air pollution, thus imposing significant threats to public health. Due to the accessibility and affordability of clean fuels for rural residents, this study proposes that renewable solar energy be employed to supply power for induction cooking stoves (ICS) through solar home systems (SHS), and estimates both the costs and health benefits of upgrading to ICS and SHS in lower-middle-income countries (LMCs) in Southeast Asia. Disability-Adjusted Life Years and the value of a statistical life year were employed to estimate the health benefits of ICS-SHS. The results suggest that the health benefits brought by ICS-SHS alone can surpass the estimated minimum cost for an ICS-SHS in the six LMCs in Southeast Asia. This study provides a potential reference for getting other energy poverty regions involved with affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy, as well as simultaneously tackling indoor air pollution caused by cooking.

Economic growth and energy use during different stages of development: an empirical analysis

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Filippo Lechthaler
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Emerging Economies ◽  
Capital Accumulation ◽  
Energy Input ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Direct Effects ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Policy Measures

AbstractThis paper empirically investigates the effect of energy use on economic growth throughout different stages of development. Along with direct effects, energy is allowed to influence income growth indirectly by capital accumulation through input substitution. We find that energy use affects economic growth primarily through the capital channel and that this result varies substantially with regard to the country's income level. For middle-income countries including the quintet of large emerging economies – Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa – an increase in energy use drives capital accumulation, which favors economic growth. On the contrary, for high-income countries, a higher energy input tends to withdraw productive resources from capital accumulation, harming economic growth. Considering these differences, policy measures aiming at restricting energy consumption should be evaluated against the background of a region's stage of economic development.

scholarly journals Distributional impact of the Malawian Essential Health Package

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 646-656
Author(s):  
Matthias Arnold ◽  
Dominic Nkhoma ◽  
Susan Griffin
Keyword(s):  
Population Health ◽  
Health Inequality ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Health Benefits ◽  
Health Gain ◽  
Health Coverage ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Benefits Package

Abstract In low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), making the best use of scarce resources is essential to achieving universal health coverage. The design of health benefits packages creates the opportunity to select interventions on the basis of explicit objectives. Distributional cost-effectiveness analysis (DCEA) provides a framework to evaluate interventions based on two objectives: increasing population health and reducing health inequality. We conduct aggregate DCEA of potential health benefits package interventions to demonstrate the feasibility of this approach in LMICs, using the case of the Malawian health benefits package. We use publicly available survey and census data common to LMICs and describe what challenges we encountered and how we addressed them. We estimate that diseases targeted by the health benefits package are most prevalent in the poorest population quintile and least prevalent in the richest quintile. The survey data we use indicate socioeconomic patterns in intervention uptake that diminish the population health gain and inequality reduction from the package. We find that a similar set of interventions would be prioritized when impact on health inequality is incorporated alongside impact on overall population health. However, conclusions about the impact of individual interventions on health inequalities are sensitive to assumptions regarding the health opportunity cost, the utilization of interventions, the distribution of diseases across population groups and the level of aversion to inequality. Our results suggest that efforts to improve access to the Essential Health Package could be targeted to specific interventions to improve the health of the poorest fastest but that identifying these interventions is uncertain. This exploratory work has shown the potential for applying the DCEA framework to inform health benefits package design within the LMIC setting and to provide insight into the equity impact of a health benefits package.

scholarly journals China and Lusophonia: A Compatible Alliance Network?

2017 ◽  
Vol 03 (04) ◽  
pp. 551-573
Author(s):  
William J. Vogt
Keyword(s):  
Emerging Economies ◽  
International System ◽  
Policy Research ◽  
Global South ◽  
International Policy ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Alliance Network ◽  
Significant Phenomenon

A significant phenomenon of the international system over the past decade is the empowerment of emerging economies, particularly the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa), in diplomatic and trade relations. Thus, alliances between China, the world’s largest developing country, and newly efficacious powers in the global South have become salient topics in foreign policy research. This article focuses on the relations China maintains with Portuguese-speaking countries, or Lusophonia, which are notable for their geographic and cultural heft in the global South. As a nation removed from foreign imperial influence only a few decades ago, China shares a series of cultural commonalities with a Brazil-dominated Lusophonia that represents key political influences in middle-income countries. As a result, Lusophone countries are core targets in an overall international policy strategy that serves to benefit China for continued trade and economic growth, an orientation well aligned to enhance Sino-Lusophone cooperation in the short to medium term.

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