scholarly journals Dissecting the relative contribution of central versus peripheral opioid analgesia: Are the analgesic and adverse effects of opioids inseparable?

2012 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 621-623 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ringkamp ◽  
S.N. Raja
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Opioid Analgesia ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Peripheral Opioid Analgesia

Pain management

2020 ◽  
pp. 629-633
Author(s):  
Marie Fallon
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Pain Management ◽  
Pain Relief ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Cancer Pain ◽  
Daily Functioning ◽  
Opioid Analgesia ◽  
Patients With Cancer ◽  
Good Pain Relief

Pain occurs in more than 50% of patients with advanced disease, interferes with daily functioning and quality of life, and is very often undertreated. Patients can find it difficult to articulate the character of their pains, but it is important to determine whether it is somatic, neuropathic, or visceral since this has important implications for management. For most patients with cancer pain, a three-step approach combining simple or opioid analgesia (depending on severity) along with an adjuvant analgesic (depending on cause) will result in good pain relief, but the challenge is to achieve good pain relief without unacceptable adverse effects.

scholarly journals Chronic and Acute Toxicities of Aflatoxins: Mechanisms of Action

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 423 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noreddine Benkerroum
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Additive Effects ◽  
Hepatitis Viruses ◽  
Mechanisms Of Toxicity ◽  
Adverse Health Effects ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
And Control

There are presently more than 18 known aflatoxins most of which have been insufficiently studied for their incidence, health-risk, and mechanisms of toxicity to allow effective intervention and control means that would significantly and sustainably reduce their incidence and adverse effects on health and economy. Among these, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) has been by far the most studied; yet, many aspects of the range and mechanisms of the diseases it causes remain to be elucidated. Its mutagenicity, tumorigenicity, and carcinogenicity—which are the best known—still suffer from limitations regarding the relative contribution of the oxidative stress and the reactive epoxide derivative (Aflatoxin-exo 8,9-epoxide) in the induction of the diseases, as well as its metabolic and synthesis pathways. Additionally, despite the well-established additive effects for carcinogenicity between AFB1 and other risk factors, e.g., hepatitis viruses B and C, and the hepatotoxic algal microcystins, the mechanisms of this synergy remain unclear. This study reviews the most recent advances in the field of the mechanisms of toxicity of aflatoxins and the adverse health effects that they cause in humans and animals.

scholarly journals Peripheral opioid analgesia in experimental human pain models

Brain ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 126 (5) ◽  
pp. 1092-1102 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Tegeder ◽  
S. Meier ◽  
M. Burian ◽  
H. Schmidt ◽  
G. Geisslinger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Opioid Analgesia ◽  
Pain Models ◽  
Peripheral Opioid Analgesia

Peripheral Opioid Analgesia in Inflammation

1994 ◽  
Vol 81 (SUPPLEMENT) ◽  
pp. A920
Author(s):  
M. Schafer ◽  
Y. Imai ◽  
S. Mousa ◽  
I. Antonijevic ◽  
G. R. Uhl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Opioid Analgesia ◽  
Peripheral Opioid Analgesia

Peripheral opioid analgesia in laparoscopic cholecystectomy

2004 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 424-429 ◽  
Author(s):  
R ZAJACZKOWSKA ◽  
W WNEK ◽  
J WORDLICZEK ◽  
J DOBROGOWSKI
Keyword(s):  
Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy ◽  
Opioid Analgesia ◽  
Peripheral Opioid Analgesia

scholarly journals Enhanced Peripheral Analgesia Using Virally Mediated Gene Transfer of the μ-Opioid Receptor in Mice

2008 ◽  
Vol 108 (2) ◽  
pp. 305-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guohua Zhang ◽  
Husam Mohammad ◽  
Brad D. Peper ◽  
Srinivasa Raja ◽  
Steven P. Wilson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Simplex Virus ◽  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Opioid Receptor ◽  
Opioid Analgesia ◽  
Complementary Dna ◽  
Innovative Strategy ◽  
Peripheral Analgesia ◽  
Peripheral Opioid Analgesia ◽  
Simplex Virus

Background The use of opioids to treat pain is often limited by side effects mediated through the central nervous system. The current study used a recombinant herpes simplex virus type 1 to increase expression of the mu-opioid receptor (muOR) in primary afferent neurons. The goal of this strategy was to enhance peripheral opioid analgesia. Methods Cutaneous inoculation with herpes simplex virus containing muOR complementary DNA (cDNA) in antisense (SGAMOR) or sense (SGMOR) orientation relative to a constitutive promoter, or complementary DNA for Escherichia coli lac Z gene as a control virus (SGZ) was used to modify the levels of muOR in primary afferents. The effects of altered muOR levels on peripheral analgesia were then examined. Results At 4 weeks after SGAMOR and SGMOR infection, decreased and increased muOR immunoreactivity was observed in ipsilateral dorsal hind paw skin, lumbar dorsal root ganglion cells, and superficial dorsal horns, respectively, compared with SGZ. This change in muOR expression in mice by SGAMOR and SGMOR was accompanied at the behavioral level with a rightward and leftward shift in the loperamide dose-response curve, respectively, compared with SGZ. Conclusions This gene therapy approach may provide an innovative strategy to enhance peripheral opioid analgesia for the treatment of pain in humans, thereby minimizing centrally mediated opioid side effects such as sedation and addiction.

Peripheral Opioid Analgesia

2003 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 270-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Janson ◽  
C. Stein
Keyword(s):  
Opioid Analgesia ◽  
Peripheral Opioid Analgesia
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