A Tool to Locate Parathyroid Glands Using Dynamic Optical Contrast Imaging

Accurate pre-operative determination of parathyroid glands localization is critical in the selection of minimally invasive parathyroidectomy as a surgical treatment approach in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT). Its importance cannot be overemphasized as it helps to minimize the harmful side effects associated with damage to the parathyroid glands such as in hypocalcemia, severe hemorrhage or recurrent laryngeal nerve dysfunction. Preoperative and intraoperative methods decrease the incidence of mistakenly injuring the parathyroid glands and allow for the timely diagnosis of various abnormalities, including parathyroid adenomas. This article reviews 139 studies conducted between 1970 and 2020 (49 years). Studies that were reviewed focused on several techniques including application of carbon nanoparticles, carbon nanoparticles with technetium sestamibi (99m Tc-MIBI), Raman spectroscopy, near-infrared autofluorescence, dynamic optical contrast imaging, laser speckle contrast imaging, shear wave elastography, and indocyanine green to test their potential in providing proper parathyroid glands’ localization. Apart from reviewing the aforementioned techniques, this study focused on the applications that helped in the detection of parathyroid adenomas. Results suggest that applying all the reviewed techniques significantly improves the possibility of providing proper localization of parathyroid glands, and the application of indocyanine green has proven to be the ‘ideal’ approach for the diagnosis of parathyroid adenomas.

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Dynamic Optical Contrast Imaging as a Novel Modality to Rapidly Distinguish Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma From Surrounding Normal Tissue

International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics ◽

10.1016/j.ijrobp.2015.12.167 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 94 (4) ◽

pp. 921 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Z. Taylor ◽

I. Kim ◽

J. Pesce ◽

W. Grundfest ◽

M.S. St. John

Keyword(s):

Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽

Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽

Cell Carcinoma ◽

Squamous Cell ◽

Normal Tissue ◽

Contrast Imaging ◽

Optical Contrast

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Dynamic Optical Contrast Imaging: A Technique to Differentiate Parathyroid Tissue from Surrounding Tissues

Otolaryngology ◽

10.1177/0194599816686294 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 156 (3) ◽

pp. 480-483 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Irene A. Kim ◽

Zachary D. Taylor ◽

Harrison Cheng ◽

Christine Sebastian ◽

Ashkan Maccabi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ex Vivo ◽

Parathyroid Tissue ◽

Fluorescence Decay ◽

Tissue Type ◽

Acquisition Time ◽

Contrast Imaging ◽

Optical Contrast ◽

Tissue Properties ◽

Parathyroid Lesions ◽

Specific Tissue

The variable location and indistinct features of parathyroid glands can make their intraoperative identification challenging. Currently, there exists no routine use of localization methods during surgery. Dynamic optical contrast imaging (DOCI) leverages a novel realization of temporally dependent measurements of tissue autofluorescence that allows the acquisition of specific tissue properties. A prospective series of patients with primary hyperparathyroidism was examined. Parathyroid lesions and surrounding tissues were collected; fluorescence decay images were acquired via DOCI. Ex vivo samples (81 patients) were processed for histologic assessment. DOCI extracts relative fluorescence decay information in a surgically relevant field of view with a clinically accessible acquisition time <2 minutes. Analysis of DOCI revealed microscopic characterization sufficient for tissue type identification consistent with histology ( P < .05). DOCI is capable of efficiently distinguishing parathyroid tissue from adjacent tissues. Such an intraoperative tool would be transformative, helping surgeons to identify lesions, preserve healthy tissue, and improve patient outcomes.

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Reversible and Irreversible Unfolding of Mitotic Newt Chromosomes by Applied Force

Molecular Biology of the Cell ◽

10.1091/mbc.11.1.269 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 269-276 ◽

Cited By ~ 68

Author(s):

Michael Poirier ◽

Sertac Eroglu ◽

Didier Chatenay ◽

John F. Marko

Keyword(s):

Elastic Moduli ◽

Hysteresis Loops ◽

Elastic Response ◽

Differential Interference Contrast ◽

Contrast Imaging ◽

Optical Contrast ◽

Force Extension ◽

Irreversible Unfolding ◽

Antibody Labeling ◽

Force Data

The force–extension behavior of individual mitotic newt chromosomes was studied, using micropipette surgery and manipulation, for elongations up to 80 times native length. After elongations up to five times, chromosomes return to their native length. In this regime chromosomes have linear elasticity, requiring ∼1 nN of force to be stretched to two times native length. After more than five times stretching, chromosomes are permanently elongated, with force hysteresis during relaxation. If a chromosome is repeatedly stretched to ∼10 times native length and relaxed, a series of hysteresis loops are obtained that converge to a single reversible elastic response. For further elongations, the linear dependence of force on extension terminates at a force “plateau” of ∼15–20 nN, near 30 times extension. After >30 times extensions, the elastic moduli of chromosomes can be reduced by more than 20-fold, and they appear as “ghosts”: swollen, elongated, and with reduced optical contrast under both phase and differential interference contrast imaging. Antibody labeling indicates that histone proteins are not being lost during even extreme extensions. Results are interpreted in terms of extension and failure of chromatin-tethering elements; the force data allow estimates of the number and size of such connectors in a chromosome.

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