scholarly journals How do Personality and Social Structures Interact with Each other to Predict Important Life Outcomes? The Importance of Accounting for Personality Change

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 279-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher J. Boyce ◽  
Alex M. Wood ◽  
Liam Delaney ◽  
Eammon Ferguson
Keyword(s):  
Methodological Issue ◽  
Personality Change ◽  
Social Structures ◽  
Life Outcomes ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Personality Changes ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Type 2 Errors

Personality is important for a range of life outcomes. However, despite evidence that personality changes across time, there is a concerning tendency for researchers outside of personality psychology to treat measures of personality as if they are non–changing when establishing whether personality predicts important life outcomes. This is problematic when personality changes in response to outcomes of interest and creates a methodological issue that may result in misleading conclusions. We illustrate this methodological issue and suggest using measures before the outcome takes place to mitigate concerns. We then demonstrate, using data from Germany, that using post–event personality measures, as opposed to pre–outcome measures, to predict both occurrence of, and reactions to, socio–economic events results in inconsistent conclusions in the directions hypothesized and therefore increases the likelihood of Type 1 and Type 2 errors. This has implications for research investigating the importance of personality for psychological, behavioural, and socio–economic outcomes. Copyright © 2017 European Association of Personality Psychology

Errors

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Medicine ◽  
Type 2 Errors

This chapter describes types of errors as applied to Emergency Medicine, and in particular the Primary FRCEM examination. The chapter outlines the key details of type 1 errors and type 2 errors. This chapter is laid out exactly following the RCEM syllabus, to allow easy reference and consolidation of learning.

scholarly journals Longitudinal Experience–Wide Association Studies—A Framework for Studying Personality Change

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 285-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wiebke Bleidorn ◽  
Christopher J. Hopwood ◽  
Mitja D. Back ◽  
Jaap J.A. Denissen ◽  
Marie Hennecke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
European Association ◽  
Association Studies ◽  
Personality Change ◽  
Life Outcomes ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Research Paradigms ◽  
Methodological Approaches ◽  
Work And Health

The importance of personality for predicting life outcomes in the domains of love, work, and health is well established, as is evidence that personality traits, while relatively stable, can change. However, little is known about the sources and processes that drive changes in personality traits and how such changes might impact important life outcomes. In this paper, we make the case that the research paradigms and methodological approaches commonly used in personality psychology need to be revised to advance our understanding of the sources and processes of personality change. We propose Longitudinal Experience–Wide Association Studies as a framework for studying personality change that can address the limitations of current methods, and we discuss strategies for overcoming some of the challenges associated with Longitudinal Experience–Wide Association Studies. © 2020 European Association of Personality Psychology

THE EFFECTS OF L1–L2 PHONOLOGICAL MAPPINGS ON L2 PHONOLOGICAL SENSITIVITY

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (5) ◽  
pp. 1041-1076
Author(s):  
Jeong-eun Kim ◽  
Yejin Cho ◽  
Youngsun Cho ◽  
Yeonjung Hong ◽  
Seohyun Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Response Times ◽  
Lower Sensitivity ◽  
English Sentence ◽  
Real Time Processing ◽  
Phonological Knowledge ◽  
Phonological Sensitivity ◽  
Type 2 Errors ◽  
English I

AbstractThis study examines the effects of asymmetrical mappings of L2 sounds to L1 sounds on real-time processing of L2 phonology. L1-Korean participants completed a self-paced listening (SPL) task paired with a picture verification (PV) task, in which an English sentence was presented word by word along with a picture that matched or mismatched the sentence. In the critical region, an L2 vowel was deliberately replaced with the wrong vowel for two types of English vowel pairs: Type 1: English vowel pairs showing a one-to-one mapping to Korean counterparts (e.g., English: /i/ and /æ/ to Korean /i/ and /æ/, respectively); and Type 2: English vowel pairs showing a two-to-one mapping to a Korean counterpart (e.g., English /i/ and /ɪ/ to Korean /i/). We analyzed response times (RTs) and PV accuracy. Longer RTs were observed for Type 1 errors than Type 2 errors, indicating lower sensitivity to L2 vowels with two-to-one mapping to an L1 vowel. Also, PV accuracy was lower for the sentences containing Type 2 errors. These results suggest that asymmetrical L2-L1 sound mapping can affect learners’ processing of L2 phonological knowledge, which in turn can negatively affect their comprehension.

scholarly journals 2000. Utilization of a ‘Never Event’ Framework to Classify Antimicrobial Appropriateness

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. S670-S671
Author(s):  
Jiajun Liu ◽  
Nicholas Mercuro ◽  
Susan L Davis ◽  
Paul Yarnold ◽  
Twisha S Patel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Linear Models ◽  
Antibiotic Consumption ◽  
Patient Demographics ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Henry Ford ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Susceptible Organism ◽  
Never Event

Abstract Background Contemporary strategies can be leveraged to predict antimicrobial overuse, yet little information is gained on the appropriateness of antibiotics prescribed. Classifying appropriateness is complicated by the lack of a standard definition for appropriateness. Thus, we created and implemented a novel ‘antibiotic never event’ (NE) framework to systematically classify the most inappropriate usages of vancomycin and correlated these NE to abnormal consumption trends (i.e., antibiotic outbreaks). Methods Vancomycin use was categorized by an algorithm using data query from the electronic medical records. Extracted data included vancomycin use, relevant patient demographics, and microbiological data. Electronic classifications placed each vancomycin therapy into type 1 (use for non-susceptible organism after susceptibility finalization) or type 2 (use exceeding 48h after susceptibility report when a safe de-escalation is possible) NE. Patients were categorized as cases or controls (no NE) at Northwestern Memorial Hospital (NM) and Henry Ford Hospital (HF) between January 2014 and October 2017. A manual chart review was performed. Sensitivity (SEN), specificity (SPEC), PPV, and NPV were calculated for NE prediction. Vancomycin use was quantified during the same period. Linear models with prediction intervals (PI) were generated to identify potential outbreaks, which were linked to monthly NE counts defined as a binary factor. Results A total of 220 NE cases were electronically identified for vancomycin at NM (n = 197) and HF (n = 23). Random cases were matched 1:1 (NM = 200) and 1:5 (HF = 115) to controls for manual review. At NM and HF, 35 and 24 true positives were identified, respectively. Thus, overall SEN and SPEC were 93.7% and 75.1% and PPV and NPV were 45.7% and 98.1%, respectively. Linear models revealed 11 potential outbreak periods at HF and 5 at NM. A PI of 80% showed a combined SEN below 10% and SPEC above 90%, respectively. Conclusion The methodology was generalizable across two centers. In the pilot review, our method was highly sensitive and an effective screening tool for NE identification. Antibiotic consumption trends did not correlate with NE. In summary, the NE classification was sensitive in assessment of antibiotic appropriateness, whereas consumption alone does not predict NE. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

A Three–Part Framework for Self–Regulated Personality Development across Adulthood

2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 289-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie Hennecke ◽  
Wiebke Bleidorn ◽  
Jaap J. A. Denissen ◽  
Dustin Wood
Keyword(s):  
European Association ◽  
Personality Development ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Personality Change ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Behavioural Changes ◽  
Personality Changes ◽  
Study Designs ◽  
View Change ◽  
Over Time

Recently, researchers interested in personality development have begun to acknowledge the roles of motivation and self–regulation for why traits change across adulthood. We propose three preconditions under which individuals may change their own levels of a personality trait through self–directed efforts. Firstly, individuals need to desire changing their trait–related behaviours either as an end in itself or in order to achieve other goals. Secondly, they need to consider behavioural changes feasible and be able to implement the desired changes. Thirdly, behavioural changes need to become habitual in order to constitute a stable trait. After elaborating on these three conditions, we review evidence attesting to the importance of motivation and self–regulation for trait development. We conclude with a discussion of the mutual interdependence of traits and goals, as well as the limits of self–regulated personality change. From our framework, we derive why personality changes across adulthood tend to be small to medium only, namely because they may require that all three preconditions for self–regulated personality change are fulfilled. We provide reasons for why people might not view change as desirable, feasible or fail to maintain it over time. Finally, we propose ideas for potential study designs to research self–regulated personality change. Copyright © 2014 European Association of Personality Psychology

Bioassessment of stream ecosystems enduring a decade of simulated degradation: lessons for the real world

2012 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 784-796 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert C. Bailey ◽  
Garry Scrimgeour ◽  
David Coté ◽  
Dan Kehler ◽  
Simon Linke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Suspended Sediments ◽  
Error Rates ◽  
Reference Condition ◽  
Benthic Macroinvertebrate ◽  
Taxon Richness ◽  
Macroinvertebrate Communities ◽  
Starting Condition ◽  
Type 2 Errors

The effects on benthic macroinvertebrate communities of simulated degradation of streams enabled evaluation of the effects of starting condition, type of degradation, and biota descriptor on the type 1 and type 2 error rates of bioassessment. Benthic macroinvertebrate communities from five reference streams in the Fraser River basin (British Columbia, Canada) were used as the starting conditions of replicated simulations of the effects of suspended sediments in three temporal patterns (none, one-time severe, constant moderate). The dynamics of the simulated stream communities and the type 1 and type 2 errors associated with bioassessments, as described by (i) taxon richness, (ii) EPT (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera) richness, (iii) proportion of EPT individuals in the community, (iv) difference in composition from the median reference community (MCDist), (v) Simpson’s diversity, and (vi) Simpson’s equitability, depended on the combination of starting condition, simpact treatment, and the biota descriptor. To reduce type 1 and type 2 errors in bioassessments using the reference condition approach, bioassessment programs should include (i) matching of test and expected reference communities and refinement of the definition of reference condition and (ii) several biota descriptors that include measures of richness, tolerance, and community composition.

scholarly journals Effect of COVID-19 on the clinical course of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) in people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 371-377
Author(s):  
Punith Kempegowda ◽  
Eka Melson ◽  
Agnes Johnson ◽  
Lucy Wallett ◽  
Lucretia Thomas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Clinical Course ◽  
External Control ◽  
Multi Centre Study ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
History Of ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Worse Prognosis

Objective COVID-19 in people with diabetes is associated with a disproportionately worse prognosis. DKA is an acute complication of diabetes with a mortality rate of approximately 0.67%. Little is known about the natural history of DKA in the presence of COVID-19. This study aimed to explore the effects of COVID-19 on presentation, clinical course and outcome in patients presenting with DKA. Design Retrospective cohort study. Methods All patients treated for DKA between 1 March 2020 and 30 May 2020 were included. Patients were categorised as COVID-positive or COVID-negative based on the swab test. A pre-COVID group was established using data from 01 March 2019 to 30 May 2019 as external control. Data regarding demographics, diabetes type, pH, bicarbonate, lactate, glucose, DKA duration, complications and outcome were collected. Results A total of 88 DKA episodes were included in this study. There was no significant difference in the severity or duration of DKA between the three groups. COVID-positive T1DM were more hyperglycaemic on admission compared to COVID-negative and pre-COVID patients. There was an over representation of T2DM in COVID-positive patients with DKA than in pre-COVID or COVID-negative groups. Conclusion COVID-19 appears to influence the natural history of DKA differently in T1DM and T2DM. Patients with T1DM and COVID-19 presented with more hyperglycaemia (60 mmol/L (35.9–60.0) vs 31.4 mmol/L (28.0–39.1) vs 24 mmol/L (20.2–33.75), respectively). Patients with T2DM were unusually presenting in DKA when infected with COVID-19 with greater ICU need and higher mortality rates. A collaborative, multi-centre study is needed to provide more definitive results.

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