A geometric taxonomy of personality scales

1991 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 343-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerry S. Wiggins ◽  
Ross Broughton
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Circumplex Model ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Interpersonal Traits ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
Computational Procedures ◽  
Personality Description ◽  
Orthogonal Coordinates

Previous taxonomies of personality traits have been lexical in nature and have been concerned primarily with the meaning of adjectives in personality description. The taxonomy presented in this article employed personality scales as the units to be classified and was guided by theoretical, rather than lexical, considerations. A priori distinctions among different domains of trait‐descriptive terms identified a distinctive domain of interpersonal traits within which a preliminary conceptually‐based taxonomy was developed. The Interpersonal Adjective Scales (IAS) were constructed to provide geometrically precise semantic markers of that domain in the form of a circumplex model organized around the orthogonal coordinates of dominance and nurturance. In the course of a decade of research, some 172 personality scales were classified with reference to the IAS by computational procedures described in detail. Advantages and limitations of the current geometric taxonomy of personality scales are discussed, and future research directions are indicated.

The Perils of Perfectionism in Sports and Exercise

2005 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon L. Flett ◽  
Paul L. Hewitt
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Performance Outcomes ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Positive Outcomes ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Perfect Performance ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
Sports And Exercise ◽  
Personality Construct

Perfectionism is a multidimensional personality construct that has been linked with various forms of maladjustment. In this article, we discuss the role of perfectionism as a maladaptive factor in sports and exercise, and we describe a phenomenon we identify as the perfectionism paradox. We note that even though certain sports require athletes to achieve perfect performance outcomes, the tendency to be characterized by perfectionistic personality traits and to be cognitively preoccupied with the attainment of perfection often undermines performance and fosters a sense of dissatisfaction with performance. We review existing findings in the literature on sports and exercise and demonstrate that the extreme orientation that accompanies perfectionism is antithetical to attaining positive outcomes. Finally, future research directions are outlined.

scholarly journals Speckle-Correlation Scattering Matrix Approaches for Imaging and Sensing through Turbidity

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (11) ◽  
pp. 3147
Author(s):  
YoonSeok Baek ◽  
KyeoReh Lee ◽  
Jeonghun Oh ◽  
YongKeun Park
Keyword(s):  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Scattering Matrix ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Computational Techniques ◽  
Lensless Imaging ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Speckle Correlation ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
Priori Information

The development of optical and computational techniques has enabled imaging without the need for traditional optical imaging systems. Modern lensless imaging techniques overcome several restrictions imposed by lenses, while preserving or even surpassing the capability of lens-based imaging. However, existing lensless methods often rely on a priori information about objects or imaging conditions. Thus, they are not ideal for general imaging purposes. The recent development of the speckle-correlation scattering matrix (SSM) techniques facilitates new opportunities for lensless imaging and sensing. In this review, we present the fundamentals of SSM methods and highlight recent implementations for holographic imaging, microscopy, optical mode demultiplexing, and quantification of the degree of the coherence of light. We conclude with a discussion of the potential of SSM and future research directions.

scholarly journals Personality-dependent dispersal: characterization, ontogeny and consequences for spatially structured populations

2010 ◽  
Vol 365 (1560) ◽  
pp. 4065-4076 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Cote ◽  
J. Clobert ◽  
T. Brodin ◽  
S. Fogarty ◽  
A. Sih
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Structured Populations ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Spatially Structured Populations ◽  
Behavioural Characteristics ◽  
Dispersal Tendency ◽  
Widespread Phenomenon ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
The Relationship

Dispersal is one of the most fundamental components of ecology, and affects processes as diverse as population growth, metapopulation dynamics, gene flow and adaptation. Although the act of moving from one habitat to another entails major costs to the disperser, empirical and theoretical studies suggest that these costs can be reduced by having morphological, physiological or behavioural specializations for dispersal. A few recent studies on different systems showed that individuals exhibit personality-dependent dispersal, meaning that dispersal tendency is associated with boldness, sociability or aggressiveness. Indeed, in several species, dispersers not only develop behavioural differences at the onset of dispersal, but display these behavioural characteristics through their life cycle. While personality-dependent dispersal has been demonstrated in only a few species, we believe that it is a widespread phenomenon with important ecological consequences. Here, we review the evidence for behavioural differences between dispersers and residents, to what extent they constitute personalities. We also examine how a link between personality traits and dispersal behaviours can be produced and how personality-dependent dispersal affects the dynamics of metapopulations and biological invasions. Finally, we suggest future research directions for population biologists, behavioural ecologists and conservation biologists such as how the direction and the strength of the relationship between personality traits and dispersal vary with ecological contexts.

scholarly journals Intelligence and Creativity: Mapping Constructs on the Space-Time Continuum

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Giovanni Emanuele Corazza ◽  
Todd Lubart
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Space Time ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Unified Framework ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Creative Behavior ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
Time Continuum ◽  
Context Characteristics

This theoretical article proposes a unified framework of analysis for the constructs of intelligence and creativity. General definitions for intelligence and creativity are provided, allowing fair comparisons between the two context-embedded constructs. A novel taxonomy is introduced to classify the contexts in which intelligent and/or creative behavior can be embedded, in terms of the tightness vs. looseness of the relevant conceptual space S and available time T. These two dimensions are used to form what is identified as the space-time continuum, containing four quadrants: tight space and tight time, loose space and tight time, tight space and loose time, loose space and loose time. The intelligence and creativity constructs can be mapped onto the four quadrants and found to overlap more or less, depending on the context characteristics. Measurement methodologies adapted to the four different quadrants are discussed. The article concludes with a discussion about future research directions based on the proposed theoretical framework, in terms of theories and hypotheses on intelligence and creativity, of eminent personalities and personality traits, as well as its consequences for developmental, educational, and professional environments.

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