Fifty years of the integrated control concept: the role of landscape ecology in IPM in San Joaquin valley cotton

2009 ◽  
Vol 65 (12) ◽  
pp. 1293-1297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter B Goodell
Keyword(s):  
Landscape Ecology ◽  
Integrated Control ◽  
San Joaquin Valley ◽  
Control Concept

Unified Framework II Ecosystem Processes: A Link Between Species and Landscape Diversity

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Waide ◽  
Peter M. Groffman
Keyword(s):  
Landscape Ecology ◽  
Nutrient Cycling ◽  
Community Ecology ◽  
Energy Flow ◽  
Ecosystem Processes ◽  
Landscape Diversity ◽  
Ecosystem Ecology ◽  
Unified Framework ◽  
Ecosystem Diversity

The discipline of ecology can be subdivided into several subdisciplines, including community, ecosystem, and landscape ecology. While all the subdisciplines are important to the study of biodiversity, there is great variation in the extent to which their contributions have been analyzed. For example, the role of community ecology in biodiversity studies is well established. In community ecology, the entities of study are species that differ in their properties and generate a web of interactions that, in turn, organize the species into a community. Similar to community ecology, the contribution of landscape ecology to biodiversity is apparent. The entities of study, definable “patches,” are tangible. They differ in their properties and generate a web of interactions that organize the patches into a landscape mosaic. In contrast to community and landscape ecology, the role of ecosystem ecology in biodiversity is less apparent. In ecosystem ecology, it often is not clear what the entities are, and how they are organized. To the extent that ecosystem ecology focuses on energy flow and nutrient cycling, we can define fundamental entities as compartments and vectors in models that depict the flows of water, energy, and nutrients through communities. If we apply diversity criteria to these entities, we can use the term ecosystem diversity to refer to the number of compartments and vectors, the differences among them in type and size, and their organization in promoting energy flow or nutrient cycling. To our knowledge, ecosystem scientists have not yet developed criteria for ecosystem diversity similar to those used for species and landscape diversity. There has been some use of the term “ecosystem diversity” to refer to a diversity of ecosystems, implying a variety of habitats, landscapes, or biomes. As discussed above, we suggest that to define the role of ecosystem ecology in biodiversity studies, the approach should be to study the relationships among species, landscape, and ecosystem diversities (chapters 1 and 13). However, since the concept of ecosystem diversity awaits further development, we adopt a different approach for understanding the role of ecosystem science in biodiversity studies. In this chapter, we examine relationships among ecosystem processes, species diversity, and landscape diversity.

Stability Matters

2019 ◽  
pp. 75-92
Author(s):  
Michael Gottfredson ◽  
Travis Hirschi
Keyword(s):  
Problem Behaviors ◽  
Critical Evaluation ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Prior Record ◽  
Control Concept ◽  
Crime And Delinquency ◽  
Common Problems ◽  
Crime Causation ◽  
Over Time

With regard to crime, stability does not imply once a crook always a crook, that levels of crime or problem behaviors remain at the same rate over time and do not fluctuate, or that crime is caused only by variation in self control. It does mean that some characteristic or characteristics of the person cause crime rate differences over large periods of time. This chapter reviews and critiques developmental criminology and longitudinal studies of crime causation. It provides a critical evaluation of the use of the concept of stability in research about crime and on how prior record and early childhood effects have been misspecified in criminology. In addition, it critically evaluates the turning points, transition, and desistence research. Critiques of tests of the self-control concept in developmental and life-course research are presented. The role of individual differences in sociological theories of crime and delinquency and common problems with inferences from longitudinal data are discussed.

Relevance of the Entropy Factor in Stereoselectivity Control of Asymmetric Photoreactions

Synlett ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (13) ◽  
pp. 1259-1267
Author(s):  
Tadashi Mori
Keyword(s):  
Activation Energy ◽  
Excited States ◽  
Weak Interactions ◽  
Supramolecular Interactions ◽  
Thermal Reactions ◽  
Thermodynamics And Kinetics ◽  
Control Concept ◽  
Entropy Factor ◽  
Fine Tune

Entropy as well as enthalpy factors play substantial roles in various chemical phenomena such as equilibrium and reactions. However, the entropy factors are frequently underestimated in most instances, particularly in synthetic chemistry. In reality, the entropy factor can be in competition with the enthalpy factor or can even be decisive in determining the overall free or activation energy change upon molecular interaction and chemical transformation, particularly where weak interactions in ground and/or excited states are significant. In this account, we overview the importance of the entropy factor in various chemical phenomena in both thermodynamics and kinetics and in the ground and excited states. It is immediately apparent that many diastereo- and enantioselective photoreactions are entropy-controlled. Recent advances on the entropy-control concept in asymmetric photoreactions are further discussed. Understanding the entropy-control concept will pave the way to improve, fine-tune, and even invert the chemo- and stereoselectivity of relevant chemical phenomena.1 Introduction2 Role of Entropy in Supramolecular Interactions3 Selected Examples of Entropy-Driven Thermal Reactions4 Classical Examples of Entropy Control in Photoreactions5 Entropy-Driven Asymmetric Photoreactions6 Advances in Entropy Control7 Perspective

The Scale-Dependent Role of Biological Traits in Landscape Ecology: A Review

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrés Felipe Suárez-Castro ◽  
Jeremy S. Simmonds ◽  
Matthew G. E. Mitchell ◽  
Martine Maron ◽  
Jonathan R. Rhodes
Keyword(s):  
Landscape Ecology ◽  
Biological Traits

The role of fosetyl-Al in the potential integrated control of Fulvia fulva

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 306-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yves Tirilly
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Spore Germination ◽  
Integrated Control ◽  
Integrated System ◽  
Lesion Formation ◽  
Destructive Action ◽  
Fulvia Fulva ◽  
Minimal Concentration

Fulvia fulva, the agent of leaf mould, is known to be a major parasite of tomato leaves in greenhouses. Its development is characterized by a biotrophic phase followed by a necrotrophic phase. Hansfordia pulvinata is a hyperparasite of this pathogen, but its destructive action is restricted by its inability to colonize F. fulva during the biotrophic phase, before lesion formation. An integrated system to optimize the mycoparasitic activity of H. pulvinata was studied. The hyperparasite was tolerant to fosetyl-Al in situ. At a minimal concentration of 500 mg/L, the fungicide inhibited F. fulva spore germination after spraying on tomato leaves but did not have any effect during the necrotrophic phase. Thus, fosetyl-Al, which prevented reinfection, and the destructive hyperparasite H. pulvinata had complementary effects. Key words: Hansfordia pulvinata, fosetyl-Al, Fulvia fulva, integrated control, leaf mould, tomato.

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