scholarly journals Target the core: durable plant resistance against filamentous plant pathogens through effector recognition

2019 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 426-431 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jasper R L Depotter ◽  
Gunther Doehlemann
Keyword(s):  
Plant Resistance ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
The Core ◽  
Effector Recognition

scholarly journals The Probing Behavior Component of Disease Transmission in Insect-Transmitted Bacterial Plant Pathogens

Insects ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy A. Ebert
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Plant Resistance ◽  
Host Plant Resistance ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Resistance Mechanism ◽  
Electrical Circuit ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Candidatus Liberibacter

Insects can be effective vectors of plant diseases and this may result in billions of dollars in lost agricultural productivity. New, emerging or introduced diseases will continue to cause extensive damage in afflicted areas. Understanding how the vector acquires the pathogen and inoculates new hosts is critical in developing effective management strategies. Management may be an insecticide applied to kill the vector or a host plant resistance mechanism to make the host plant less suitable for the vector. In either case, the tactic must act before the insect performs the key behavior(s) resulting in either acquisition or transmission. This requires knowledge of the timing of behaviors the insect uses to probe the plant and commence ingestion. These behaviors are visualized using electropenetrography (EPG), wherein the plant and insect become part of an electrical circuit. With the tools to define specific steps in the probing process, we can understand the timing of acquisition and inoculation. With that understanding comes the potential for more relevant testing of management strategies, through insecticides or host plant resistance. The primary example will be Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus transmitted by Diaphorina citri Kuwayama in the citrus agroecosystem, with additional examples used as appropriate.

scholarly journals Conserved fungal effector suppresses PAMP-triggered immunity by targeting plant immune kinases

2018 ◽  
Vol 116 (2) ◽  
pp. 496-505 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroki Irieda ◽  
Yoshihiro Inoue ◽  
Masashi Mori ◽  
Kohji Yamada ◽  
Yuu Oshikawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Burst ◽  
Nicotiana Benthamiana ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Pathogen Virulence ◽  
The Core ◽  
Bacterial Effectors ◽  
Multiple Pathogens ◽  
Core Effectors

Plant pathogens have optimized their own effector sets to adapt to their hosts. However, certain effectors, regarded as core effectors, are conserved among various pathogens, and may therefore play an important and common role in pathogen virulence. We report here that the widely distributed fungal effector NIS1 targets host immune components that transmit signaling from pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in plants. NIS1 from two Colletotrichum spp. suppressed the hypersensitive response and oxidative burst, both of which are induced by pathogen-derived molecules, in Nicotiana benthamiana. Magnaporthe oryzae NIS1 also suppressed the two defense responses, although this pathogen likely acquired the NIS1 gene via horizontal transfer from Basidiomycota. Interestingly, the root endophyte Colletotrichum tofieldiae also possesses a NIS1 homolog that can suppress the oxidative burst in N. benthamiana. We show that NIS1 of multiple pathogens commonly interacts with the PRR-associated kinases BAK1 and BIK1, thereby inhibiting their kinase activities and the BIK1-NADPH oxidase interaction. Furthermore, mutations in the NIS1-targeting proteins, i.e., BAK1 and BIK1, in Arabidopsis thaliana also resulted in reduced immunity to Colletotrichum fungi. Finally, M. oryzae lacking NIS1 displayed significantly reduced virulence on rice and barley, its hosts. Our study therefore reveals that a broad range of filamentous fungi maintain and utilize the core effector NIS1 to establish infection in their host plants and perhaps also beneficial interactions, by targeting conserved and central PRR-associated kinases that are also known to be targeted by bacterial effectors.

Fluorescence Silica Nanoprobe as a Biomarker for Rapid Detection of Plant Pathogens

2009 ◽  
Vol 79-82 ◽  
pp. 513-516 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kuo Shan Yao ◽  
S.J. Li ◽  
K.C. Tzeng ◽  
Ta Chih Cheng ◽  
Chen Yu Chang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Silica Nanoparticles ◽  
Pathogen Detection ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Rapid Diagnosis ◽  
Organic Dye ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Collisional Quenching ◽  
The Core ◽  
Bacterial Spot Disease ◽  
Fluorescence Test

Fluorescent silica nanoprobe as a biomarker for detection has attracted much attention in the field of nano-biotechnology recently but no further research applications using fluorescent silica nanoparticles (FSNP) combined with antibody molecules reported to detect pathogen detection. In this study, silica nanoparticles were prepared using the water-in-oil (w/o) microemulsion method. The silica nanoparticles were circular in diameter of 50 ± 4.2 nm. The organic dye, tris-2, 2' -bipyridyl dichlororuthenium (II) hexahydrate (Rubpy), could be incorporated efficiently into the core of silica nanoparticles. The fluorescence of Rubpy-doped silica nanoparticles was photostable using a collisional quenching fluorescence test. The Rubpy-doped silica nanoparticles were conjugated with the secondary antibody of goat anti-rabbit immunoglobulin G (IgG) and successfully detected plant pathogen such as Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. vesicatoria that causes bacterial spot disease in Solanaceae plant. These results demonstrated that the fluorescence silica nanoprobe biomarker will have been potential for rapid diagnosis applications on plant diseases.

scholarly journals A highly diverse fungal community associated with leaves of the mangrove plant Acanthus ilicifolius var. xiamenensis revealed by isolation and metabarcoding analyses

PeerJ ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. e7293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei-Chiung Chi ◽  
Weiling Chen ◽  
Chih-Chiao He ◽  
Sheng-Yu Guo ◽  
Hyo-Jung Cha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endophytic Fungi ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Corynespora Cassiicola ◽  
Mangrove Plant ◽  
Operational Taxonomic Units ◽  
The Core ◽  
Acanthus Ilicifolius ◽  
Read Abundance ◽  
High Diversity

A high diversity of culturable foliar endophytic fungi is known from various mangrove plants, and the core taxa include species from Colletotrichum, Pestalotiopsis, Phoma, Phomopsis, Sporomiella, among others. Since a small fraction of fungi is able to grow in culture, this study investigated the diversity of fungi associated with leaves of Acanthus ilicifolius var. xiamenensis using both isolation and metabarcoding approaches. A total of 203 isolates were cultured from surface-sterilized leaves, representing 47 different fungal species: 30 species from the winter samples (104 isolates), and 26 species from the summer samples (99 isolates). Ascomycota was dominant in both types of leaf samples, while Basidiomycota was isolated only from the summer samples. Drechslera dematioidea (10.58%, percentage of occurrence), Colletotrichum sp. 3 (7.69%) and Alternaria sp. (7.69%) were dominant in the winter samples; Fusarium oxysporum (13.13%), Diaporthe endophytica (10.10%) and Colletotrichum sp. 1 (9.09%) in the summer samples. Overall, Corynespora cassiicola (6.90%), F. oxysporum (6.40%) and Guignardia sp. (6.40%) had the highest overall percentage of occurrence. In the metabarcoding analysis, a total of 111 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were identified from 17 leaf samples: 96 OTUs from the winter and 70 OTUs from the summer samples. Sequences belonging to Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were detected in both samples but the former phylum was dominant over the latter. Based on read abundance, taxa having the highest percentage of occurrence included Alternaria sp. (3.46%), Cladosporium delicatulum (2.56%) and Pyrenochaetopsis leptospora (1.41%) in the winter leaves, and Aureobasidium sp. (10.72%), Cladosporium sp. (7.90%), C. delicatulum (3.45%) and Hortaea werneckii (3.21%) in the summer leaves. These latter four species also had the highest overall percentage of occurrence. Combining the results from both methods, a high diversity of fungi (at least 110 species) was found associated with leaves of A. ilicifolius var. xiamenensis. Many of the fungi identified were plant pathogens and may eventually cause diseases in the host.

scholarly journals Comparative Genomics, Pangenome, and Phylogenomic Analyses of Brenneria spp., and Delineation of Brenneria izadpanahii sp. nov.

2020 ◽  
pp. PHYTO-04-20-012
Author(s):  
Meysam Bakhshi ganje ◽  
John Mackay ◽  
Mogens Nicolaisen ◽  
Masoud Shams-Bakhsh
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Genomics ◽  
Type Iii Secretion ◽  
Woody Plants ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Functional Genomic ◽  
Cell Wall Degrading Enzymes ◽  
Host Interactions ◽  
The Core ◽  
Phylogenomic Analyses

Brenneria species are bacterial plant pathogens mainly affecting woody plants. Association of all members with devastating disorders (e.g., acute oak decline in Iran and United Kingdom) are due to adaptation and pathogenic behavior in response to host and environmental factors. Some species, including B. goodwinii, B. salicis, and B. nigrifluens, also show endophytic residence. Here we show that all species including novel Brenneria sp. are closely related. Gene-based and genome/pangenome-based phylogeny divide the genus into two distinct lineages, Brenneria clades A and B. The two clades were functionally distinct and were consistent with their common and special potential activities as determined via annotation of functional domains. Pangenome analysis demonstrated that the core pathogenicity factors were highly conserved, an hrp gene cluster encoding a type III secretion system was found in all species except B. corticis. An extensive repertoire of candidate virulence factors was identified. Comparative genomics indicated a repertoire of plant cell wall degrading enzymes, metabolites/antibiotics, and numerous prophages providing new insights into Brenneria−host interactions and appropriate targets for further characterization. This work not only documented the genetic differentiation of Brenneria species but also delineates a more functionally driven understanding of Brenneria by comparison with relevant Pectobacteriaceae thereby substantially enriching the extent of information available for functional genomic investigations.

scholarly journals Plant Health and Sound Vibration: Analyzing Implications of the Microbiome in Grape Wine Leaves

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 63
Author(s):  
Birgit Wassermann ◽  
Lise Korsten ◽  
Gabriele Berg
Keyword(s):  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Classical Music ◽  
Antagonistic Effect ◽  
Plant Health ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Native Plant ◽  
Core Microbiome ◽  
The Core ◽  
Sound Vibration

Understanding the plant microbiome is a key for plant health and controlling pathogens. Recent studies have shown that plants are responsive towards natural and synthetic sound vibration (SV) by perception and signal transduction, which resulted in resistance towards plant pathogens. However, whether or not native plant microbiomes respond to SV and the underlying mechanism thereof remains unknown. Within the present study we compared grapevine-associated microbiota that was perpetually exposed to classical music with a non-exposed control group from the same vineyard in Stellenbosch, South Africa. By analyzing the 16S rRNA gene and ITS fragment amplicon libraries we found differences between the core microbiome of SV-exposed leaves and the control group. For several of these different genera, e.g., Bacillus, Kocuria and Sphingomonas, a host-beneficial or pathogen-antagonistic effect has been well studied. Moreover, abundances of taxa identified as potential producers of volatile organic compounds that contribute to sensory characteristics of wines, e.g., Methylobacterium, Sphingomonas, Bacillus and Sporobolomyces roseus, were either increased or even unique within the core music-exposed phyllosphere population. Results show an as yet unexplored avenue for improved plant health and the terroir of wine, which are important for environmentally friendly horticulture and consumer appreciation. Although our findings explain one detail of the long-term positive experience to improve grapevine’s resilience by this unusual but innovative technique, more mechanistic studies are necessary to understand the whole interplay.

Models of Plant Resistance Deployment

2021 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Loup Rimbaud ◽  
Frédéric Fabre ◽  
Julien Papaïx ◽  
Benoît Moury ◽  
Christian Lannou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Resistance ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Gene Pyramiding ◽  
Resistance Management ◽  
Specific Model ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Evolutionary Potential ◽  
Control Cost ◽  
Spatiotemporal Scales

Owing to their evolutionary potential, plant pathogens are able to rapidly adapt to genetically controlled plant resistance, often resulting in resistance breakdown and major epidemics in agricultural crops. Various deployment strategies have been proposed to improve resistance management. Globally, these rely on careful selection of resistance sources and their combination at various spatiotemporal scales (e.g., via gene pyramiding, crop rotations and mixtures, landscape mosaics). However, testing and optimizing these strategies using controlled experiments at large spatiotemporal scales are logistically challenging. Mathematical models provide an alternative investigative tool, and many have been developed to explore resistance deployment strategies under various contexts. This review analyzes 69 modeling studies in light of specific model structures (e.g., demographic or demogenetic, spatial or not), underlying assumptions (e.g., whether preadapted pathogens are present before resistance deployment), and evaluation criteria (e.g., resistance durability, disease control, cost-effectiveness). It highlights major research findings and discusses challenges for future modeling efforts. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Phytopathology, Volume 59 is August 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals The role of silicon (Si) in increasing plant resistance against fungal diseases

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Sakr
Keyword(s):  
Plant Resistance ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Fungal Diseases ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Fungal Plant Pathogens ◽  
Silicon Nutrition ◽  
The Relationship

Summary The use of silicon (Si) in agriculture has attracted a great deal of interest from researchers because of the numerous benefits of this element to plants. The use of silicon has decreased the intensity of several diseases in crops of great economic importance. In this study, the relationship between silicon nutrition and fungal disease development in plants was reviewed. The current review underlines the agricultural importance of silicon in crops, the potential for controlling fungal plant pathogens by silicon treatment, the different mechanisms of silicon-enhanced resistance, and the inhibitory effects of silicon on plant pathogenic fungi in vitro. By combining the data presented in this paper, a better comprehension of the relationship between silicon treatments, increasing plant resistance, and decreasing severity of fungal diseases could be achieved.

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