Effect of Carrier Volume and Spray Quality on Glyphosate‐Resistant Soybean Response to Sublethal Dicamba Exposure

Foliar delivery of herbicides is a common means for plant management in aquatic environments. Though this technique is decades old, little is known about vegetative spray retention relative to this application method. A more complete understanding of maximizing herbicide retention could lead to improved plant management while simultaneously decreasing pesticide load in aquatic environments. Therefore, outdoor mesocosm experiments were conducted in 2020 to evaluate the effect of adjuvant type on foliar spray retention in waterhyacinth. Additionally, the effect of carrier volume on spray retention in waterhyacinth, waterlettuce, and giant salvinia was documented. Spray deposition did not differ among the nine adjuvants tested; however, spray retention was reduced 6 to 11% when an adjuvant was excluded from the spray solution. The effect of carrier volume on spray retention in waterhyacinth, waterlettuce, and giant salvinia was also investigated. Decreases in spray retention was most sensitive to increased carrier volume in waterhyacinth, followed by giant salvinia and waterlettuce. Among species, spray retention potential, as determined by intercept estimates, was greatest in waterlettuce and giant salvinia regardless of carrier volume. Asymptotes estimates for waterhyacinth, waterlettuce, and giant salvinia were 33, 46, and 79% spray retention, respectively. In other words, spray retention was the lowest and remained relatively constant at these values for the high carrier volumes tested (935 and 1870 L ha−1), which were likely due to the presence of pubescence on leaves and flatter leaf architecture represented by waterlettuce and giant salvinia compared to the glabrous vertical leaves of waterhyacinth. Future research will evaluate these concepts under field conditions.

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Diluent Volume Influences Susceptibility of Field Bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis) Biotypes to Glyphosate

Weed Technology ◽

10.1017/s0890037x00040446 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 565-569 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Carla N. Duncan Yerkes ◽

Stephen C. Weller

Keyword(s):

Amphoteric Surfactant ◽

Convolvulus Arvensis ◽

Field Bindweed ◽

Spray Volume ◽

Carrier Volume

Two biotypes of field bindweed differing in their susceptibility to glyphosate were used to determine if diluent or carrier volume and additional surfactant could overcome differences in intraspecific response to glyphosate. In greenhouse studies, glyphosate (formulated product) was applied at 1.68 kg/ha in three diluent volumes (142, 189, and 237 L/ha), with and without 1 % (v/v) additional amphoteric surfactant. Nonparametric and ordinal categorical analyses indicated that field bindweed biotype, diluent volume, and surfactant significantly increased glyphosate phytotoxicity 7 DAT. Only biotype and volume were significant 21 DAT. The tolerant biotype was less injured at the 189 and 237 L/ha volumes than the susceptible biotype. Field bindweed injury was similar at a diluent volume of 142 L/ha for both biotypes. These greenhouse studies suggest that control of field bindweed may be improved with glyphosate by using low spray volume in concert with additional surfactant.

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Effect of Spray Components on Glyphosate Toxicity to Annual Grasses

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500068673 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 31 (1) ◽

pp. 124-130 ◽

Cited By ~ 60

Author(s):

Douglas D. Buhler ◽

Orvin C. Burnside

Keyword(s):

Soil Moisture ◽

Water Stress ◽

Plant Growth ◽

Surfactant Concentration ◽

Growth Stage ◽

Annual Grass ◽

Spray Solution ◽

Annual Grasses ◽

Small Grains ◽

Carrier Volume

Field and greenhouse research was conducted during 1980 and 1981 to evaluate the effects of carrier volume, surfactant concentration, and treatment date on glyphosate [N- (phosphonomethyl)glycine] toxicity to annual-grass weeds and volunteer small grains. Glyphosate phytotoxicity increased as carrier volume was decreased from 190 to 24 L/ha. The presence of a surfactant in the spray solution did not influence grass control when glyphosate was applied in a carrier volume of 24 L/ha. When glyphosate was applied in 48 or 95 L/ha, the presence of surfactant resulted in better grass control than glyphosate without surfactant. When applied in 190 L/ha, glyphosate with 0.5% (v/v) surfactant gave better grass control than glyphosate alone or commercially formulated glyphosate. When glyphosate was applied to plants under water stress, little control was achieved regardless of plant growth stage. Glyphosate application to grass after head initiation also resulted in reduced control. Maximum weed control with glyphosate was attained when applications were made to seedlings growing actively because of adequate soil moisture and favorable temperatures.

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Effect of Rate, Carrier Volume, and Surfactant on Imazamethabenz Efficacy

Weed Technology ◽

10.1017/s0890037x00025410 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 291-293 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Bill D. Brewster ◽

Arnold P. Appleby

Keyword(s):

Growth Inhibition ◽

Surfactant Concentration ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Wild Oat ◽

Small Grains ◽

Carrier Volume ◽

Selective Herbicide

Imazamethabenz is a selective herbicide used to control wild oat in small grains. The effects of rate, volume of carrier, and surfactant concentration on the efficacy of this herbicide in controlling wild oat were studied in field experiments. As each of the variables increased, wild oat control increased; the greatest degree of wild oat growth inhibition occurred at the highest herbicide rate, highest volume of carrier, and highest surfactant concentration.

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Increased Carrier Volume Improves Preemergence Control of Rigid Ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) in Zero-Tillage Seeding Systems

Weed Technology ◽

10.1614/wt-d-12-00117 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 27 (4) ◽

pp. 649-655 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Catherine P. D. Borger ◽

Glen P. Riethmuller ◽

Michael Ashworth ◽

David Minkey ◽

Abul Hashem ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Weed Control ◽

Droplet Size ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Zero Tillage ◽

Tillage System ◽

Quality Water ◽

High Carrier ◽

Rigid Ryegrass ◽

Carrier Volume ◽

The Impact

PRE herbicides are less effective in the zero-tillage system because of increased residual crop stubble and reduced soil incorporation. However, since weeds are not physically controlled in the zero-tillage system, reliance on efficacy of PRE herbicides is increased. This research investigated the impact of carrier volume and droplet size on the performance of PRE herbicides (in wheat crops at four sites in 2010) to improve herbicide efficacy in conditions of high stubble biomass in zero-tillage systems. Increasing carrier volume from 30 to 150 L ha−1increased spray coverage on water-sensitive paper from an average of 5 to 32%. Average control of rigid ryegrass by trifluralin (at Cunderdin and Merredin sites) and trifluralin or pyroxasulfone (at Wickepin and Esperance sites) improved from 53 to 78% with increasing carrier volume. Use of ASABE Medium droplet size improved spray coverage compared with ASABE Extremely Coarse droplet size, but did not affect herbicide performance. It is clear that increased carrier volume improves rigid ryegrass weed control for nonwater-soluble (trifluralin) and water-soluble (pyroxasulfone) PRE herbicides. Western Australian growers often use low carrier volumes to reduce time of spray application or because sufficient high-quality water is not available, but the advantages of improved weed control justifies the use of a high carrier volume in areas of high weed density.

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Effect of dicamba rate and application parameters on protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor-resistant and -susceptible Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) control

Weed Technology ◽

10.1017/wet.2020.59 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-5

Author(s):

Wyatt Coffman ◽

Tom Barber ◽

Jason K. Norsworthy ◽

Greg R. Kruger

Keyword(s):

Palmer Amaranth ◽

Research Station ◽

Spray Parameters ◽

Group 14 ◽

Metabolic Resistance ◽

Susceptible Population ◽

Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase ◽

Sites Of Action ◽

Carrier Volume ◽

Nozzle Type

Abstract Throughout eastern Arkansas, Palmer amaranth resistant to protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO)-inhibiting herbicides (Group 14 herbicides) has become widespread. Most PPO-resistant Palmer amaranth biotypes possess a target-site mutation, but a metabolic resistance mechanism to fomesafen (Group 14) has also been identified. Once metabolic resistance manifests, plants may also be tolerant to other herbicides and sites of action. To evaluate whether varying spray parameters affected control of PPO-resistant Palmer amaranth in dicamba-tolerant crops, field trials were conducted in 2017 and 2018 at the Lon Mann Cotton Research Station near Marianna, AR, and on-farm in Marion, AR. The experiment included split plot factors of dicamba rate, nozzle type, and carrier volume, with a whole plot factor of population. Dicamba was applied at 560 or 1120 g ae ha−1 through 110015 TTI or AirMix nozzles at 70 or 140 L ha−1 to PPO-resistant or PPO-susceptible Palmer amaranth. Palmer amaranth control 14 d after treatment (DAT) was influenced by an interaction between population and carrier volume. PPO-resistant Palmer amaranth control 14 DAT was 81% regardless of carrier volume, compared with 90% and 95% control at 70 and 140 L ha−1, respectively, of the PPO-susceptible population. An interaction between nozzle type and carrier volume influenced Palmer amaranth control 21 DAT, whereas AirMix nozzles at 140 L ha−1 controlled Palmer amaranth at a greater level (94%) than any other nozzle and carrier volume combination (≤90%). An interaction between population and dicamba rate influenced the relative density of Palmer amaranth 21 DAT. PPO-resistant Palmer amaranth density was less affected by dicamba at either rate than PPO-susceptible Palmer amaranth, relative to the nontreated check. Results concur with those of other research that suggest PPO-resistant Palmer amaranth is harder to control with dicamba. Otherwise, increasing carrier volume affected overall Palmer amaranth control to a greater degree than any other factor.

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The effect of carrier volume on ascochyta blight (Ascochyta rabiei) control in chickpea

Crop Protection ◽

10.1016/j.cropro.2007.12.010 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 27 (6) ◽

pp. 1020-1030 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

C. Armstrong-Cho ◽

T. Wolf ◽

G. Chongo ◽

Y. Gan ◽

T. Hogg ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ascochyta Blight ◽

Ascochyta Rabiei ◽

Carrier Volume

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EFFECT OF DURATION OF OXYCHLORINATION ON DEGREE OF ACCESSIBILITY FOR CATALYSIS OF PLATINUM CENTERS OF PLATINUM-RHENIUM REFORMING CATALYST

IZVESTIYA VYSSHIKH UCHEBNYKH ZAVEDENIY KHIMIYA KHIMICHESKAYA TEKHNOLOGIYA ◽

10.6060/ivkkt.20206305.6175 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 63 (5) ◽

pp. 59-64

Author(s):

Andrey G. Starostin ◽

Nikolai B. Khodyashev

Keyword(s):

Carbon Monoxide ◽

Absorption Band ◽

Hydrogen Adsorption ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Frequency Range ◽

Alumina Support ◽

Reforming Catalyst ◽

Platinum Particles ◽

Linear Vibrations ◽

Carrier Volume

The work presents the results of a chemisorption analysis of a platinum-rhenium catalyst on an alumina support after regeneration and reduction with hydrogen. Adsorption-desorption diagrams were obtained by stepwise-pulsed chemisorption of carbon monoxide on reforming catalyst samples. With an increase in the number of carbon monoxide injections from 1 to 4, the catalyst sample is poisoned, and subsequent desorption peaks indicate the termination of the interaction. With an increase in the time of oxychlorination, the CO/Pt ratio in the carrier volume increases linearly. The effect of the oxychlorination process on the chemisorption of CO and the subsequent availability of platinum nanoparticles for catalysis has been shown. The absorption on freshly prepared platinum-rhenium catalyst samples reaches a CO/Pt molar ratio of about 0.4. The results show that the duration of oxychlorination for 16–20 h allows us to achieve the value of the ratio CO/Pt, which is in the range of 0.4-0.5. This indicates that the availability of platinum centers in its composition reaches the level of a fresh catalyst, and, on the other hand, taking into account a slight excess of this ratio, we can assume that some of the Re atoms participate in the absorption of CO molecules. The presence of finely dispersed platinum particles in the composition of the regenerated catalyst was confirmed by IR spectroscopy. The analysis of catalyst samples on an IR spectrometer in the frequency range of 1900-2200 cm-1 revealed a rather wide absorption band with a pronounced extremum at 2060 cm-1. In this frequency range, there is another, slightly pronounced extremum at 2149 cm-1. However, for samples with a short duration of oxychlorination, it did not appear. An absorption band with an extremum of 2060 cm-1 can be attributed to linear vibrations of adsorbed CO molecules on the surface of particles of metallic platinum.

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Effect of Application Factors on Postemergence Phytotoxicity of Fluazifop-butyl, Haloxyfop-methyl, and Sethoxydim

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500059592 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 32 (5) ◽

pp. 574-583 ◽

Cited By ~ 57

Author(s):

Douglas D. Buhler ◽

Orvin C. Burnside

Keyword(s):

Active Ingredient ◽

Leaf Tissue ◽

Application Site ◽

General Application ◽

Methyl Methyl ◽

Spray Solution ◽

Carrier Volume

Phytotoxicity of fluazifop-butyl {butyl 2-[4-[(5-trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl)oxy] phenoxy] propanoate}, haloxyfop-methyl {methyl 2-[4-[(3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl)oxy)phenoxy] propanoate}, and sethoxydim {2-[1-ethoxyimino)-butyl]-5-[2-(ethylthio)propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-1-one} increased as carrier volume was decreased from 570 to 24 L/ha. Addition of crop oil concentrate to the spray solution increased phytotoxicity, especially at carrier volumes of 190 L/ha and above. Sorghum plants were treated with the same amount of active ingredient in a single 1-, 2-, 4-, 8-, 16-, or 24-μl droplet. Smaller, more concentrated droplets were more phytotoxic than larger, more dilute droplets, with or without crop oil concentrate. Application site of single herbicide droplets also influenced phytotoxicity. In general, application of concentrated droplets to metabolically active leaf tissue resulted in maximum phytotoxicity.

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Abscission Agent Application and Canopy Shaker Frequency Effects on Mechanical Harvest Efficiency of Sweet Orange

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.45.7.1079 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 45 (7) ◽

pp. 1079-1083 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Robert C. Ebel ◽

Jacqueline K. Burns ◽

Kelly T. Morgan ◽

Fritz Roka

Keyword(s):

Sweet Orange ◽

Fruit Weight ◽

Fruit Removal ◽

Actual Weight ◽

Detachment Force ◽

Fruit Drop ◽

Harvest Efficiency ◽

Carrier Volume ◽

Relationship Of ◽

Canopy Shaker

This study was conducted to determine the relationship of 5-chloro-3-methyl-4-nitro-1H-pyrazole (CMNP) concentration and canopy shaker frequency on fruit detachment force, pre-harvest fruit drop, and mechanical harvesting fruit removal of ‘Hamlin’ and ‘Valencia’ sweet orange cultivars. CMNP was applied at 0, 200, and 300 mg·L−1 in a carrier volume of 2806 L·ha−1. Four days after CMNP application, fruit were harvested with a canopy shaker that was operated at 3.0, 3.7, and 4.3 Hz at a tractor speed of 1.6 km·h−1. The experiment was repeated 3× for ‘Hamlin’ (December, early January, and late January) and twice for ‘Valencia’ (March and April) during the 2008–2009 harvest season. Fruit detachment force was reduced by at least 50% for all CMNP-treated trees compared with the untreated controls at the time of harvest and was lower for 300 mg·L−1 than 200 mg·L−1 on three of the five dates tested. Pre-harvest fruit drop evaluated immediately before mechanical harvesting was higher for all CMNP-treated ‘Hamlin’ than untreated controls at all harvest dates, whereas 300 mg·L−1 application resulted in higher pre-harvest fruit drop in ‘Valencia’ when compared with 200 mg·L−1 or the untreated controls on both application dates. CMNP-induced fruit drop was higher in ‘Hamlin’ than ‘Valencia’. CMNP had a greater effect on fruit removal at lower canopy shaker frequencies. The interaction of total fruit weight removed was not significant on any date as a result of variability among trees in the study. These data indicate that the amount of loosening by CMNP was concentration-dependent and facilitated removal, especially with lower canopy shaker frequencies. Development of viable commercial practices should use the percent of the total crop harvested and not the actual weight of fruit removed in determining efficacy of CMNP and harvest efficiency of the mechanical harvesters.

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