The influence of camera trap flash type on the behavioural reactions and trapping rates of red deer and roe deer

The long-term population dynamics of the red deer (Cervus elaphus L.) and European roe deer (Capreolus capreolus L.) at the mountain and forest zone of Crimea during 1980-2017 is presented. Fluctuations in numbers of both species are cyclical and partly synchronous. Period of oscillations in the population of red deer is about 25 years, the average duration of the oscillation period of number of roe deer is 12.3 years. During the fluctuations in the number the increasing and fall in population number of the red deer had been as 26-47 %, and roe deer – as 22-34 %. Basing on the dada obtained we have assumed that together with large-scale cycles of fluctuations in population number of both red deer and roe deer the short cycles of fluctuations in the number of these species with period from 3.5 to 7.5 years take place. Significant differences of the parameters of cyclical fluctuations in the number of roe deer at some sites of the Mountainous Crimea: breaches of synchronicity, as well as significant differences in the duration of cycles are revealed. The greatest deviations from the average values of parameters of long-term dynamics of the number of roe deer in Crimea are noted for groups of this species at two protected areas. At the Crimean Nature Reserve the cycle time of fluctuations of the numbers of roe deer was 18 years. At the Karadag Nature Reserve since 1976 we can see an exponential growth in number of roe deer that is continued up to the present time. By 2016 the number of roe deer reached 750 individuals at a density of 437 animals per 1 thousand ha. Peculiarity of dynamics of number of roe deer at some sites proves the existence in the mountain forest of Crimea several relatively isolated groups of deer. We assumed that "island" location of the Crimean populations of red deer and European roe deer, their relatively little number and influence of permanent extreme factors of both natural and anthropogenic origination have contributed to a mechanism of survival of these populations. The elements of such a mechanism include the following features of long-term dynamics of the population: the reduction in the period of cyclic population fluctuations, while maintaining their amplitude and the appearance of additional small cycles, providing more flexible response of the population to the impact of both negative and positive environmental factors. From the totality of the weather conditions for the Crimean population of roe deer the recurring periods of increases and downs in the annual precipitation amount may have relevance. There was a trend of increase in the roe deer population during periods of increasing annual precipitation.

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Health-Promoting Properties of the Wild-Harvested Meat of Roe Deer (Capreolus capreolus L.) and Red Deer (Cervus elaphus L.)

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani11072108 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (7) ◽

pp. 2108

Author(s):

Anna Milczarek ◽

Alina Janocha ◽

Grażyna Niedziałek ◽

Michalina Zowczak-Romanowicz ◽

Elżbieta Horoszewicz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Cervus Elaphus ◽

Red Deer ◽

Roe Deer ◽

Energy Content ◽

Saturated Fatty Acids ◽

Lipid Fraction ◽

Fat Content ◽

Energy Value ◽

Health Promoting

The present studies aimed to analyse and assess the health-promoting properties of the musculus semimembranosus (MS) of roe and red deer harvested in the wild. The experimental materials comprising the carcasses of roe deer (15 does and 15 bucks) and red deer (15 hinds and 15 stags) were selected for analysis based on the following criteria: age of animals at harvest—3–4 years; time that passed from the harvest of animals to carcass cutting—48–54 h. After chilling the carcasses for 24 h at +2 °C, the haunches were cut from the carcasses and transported to the laboratory in isothermal ice-packed containers. Samples of the musculus semimembranosus were analysed to determine the chemical composition (proximate components, energy value, Fe, Pb, Cd, fatty acids). More (p ≤ 0.05) dry matter and total protein and less (p ≤ 0.05) crude fat was found in the musculus semimembranosus of roe deer in comparison to red deer. No significant influence of the animal’s sex was observed in the content of the evaluated nutrients, apart from crude fat content, which was increased in the haunch of females from both species. The energy content in the muscle of roe deer was 10% higher than the energy value of MS in red deer (p ≤ 0.05). The content of iron was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher (6.64 mg/kg) in the meat of red deer compared to the meat of roe deer (31.68 mg/kg). Roe deer haunch contained more lead but less cadmium than red deer haunch. Irrespective of sex, the lipid fraction of red deer muscle contained more saturated fatty acids (SFA). Intramuscular fat (IMF) in roe deer meat contained a higher percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). The atherogenicity (AI) and thrombogenicity (TI) index values were significantly lower in roe deer haunch, and the hypocholesterolaemic-to-hypercholesterolaemic fatty acids ratio (HH) was lower (p ≤ 0.05) in red deer meat. To sum up, the evaluated roe deer and red deer haunch featured high dietary value as it contained a high protein and low fat content and had an advantageous fatty acids composition. As regards the content of cadmium and lead, roe deer and red deer haunch can be considered safe for consumers.

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High red deer density depresses body mass of roe deer fawns

Oecologia ◽

10.1007/s00442-009-1538-z ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 163 (1) ◽

pp. 91-97 ◽

Cited By ~ 35

Author(s):

Emmanuelle Richard ◽

Jean-Michel Gaillard ◽

Sonia Saïd ◽

Jean-Luc Hamann ◽

François Klein

Keyword(s):

Body Mass ◽

Red Deer ◽

Roe Deer ◽

Deer Density

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Characterization of Rhodococcus equi isolates from submaxillary lymph nodes of wild boars (Sus scrofa), red deer (Cervus elaphus) and roe deer (Capreolus capreolus)

Veterinary Microbiology ◽

10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.04.020 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 172 (1-2) ◽

pp. 272-278 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Magdalena Rzewuska ◽

Lucjan Witkowski ◽

Agata A. Cisek ◽

Ilona Stefańska ◽

Dorota Chrobak ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lymph Nodes ◽

Cervus Elaphus ◽

Sus Scrofa ◽

Red Deer ◽

Roe Deer ◽

Capreolus Capreolus ◽

Rhodococcus Equi ◽

Wild Boars

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Bioserotypes and virulence markers of Y. enterocolitica strains isolated from roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and red deer (Cervus elaphus)

Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences ◽

10.2478/pjvs-2014-0043 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 17 (2) ◽

pp. 315-319 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

A. Bancerz-Kisiel ◽

A. Szczerba-Turek ◽

A. Platt-Samoraj ◽

P. Socha ◽

W. Szweda

Keyword(s):

Cervus Elaphus ◽

Red Deer ◽

Roe Deer ◽

Capreolus Capreolus ◽

Hunting Season ◽

Virulence Markers ◽

Serotype O ◽

Gene Coding ◽

Environmental Reservoir ◽

Enterocolitica Infection

AbstractFree-living animals are an important environmental reservoir of pathogens dangerous for other animal species and humans. One of those is Yersinia (Y.) enterocolitica, the causative agent of yersiniosis - foodborne, enzootic disease, significant for public health. The purpose of the study was to identify bioserotypes and virulence markers of Y. enterocolitica strains isolated from roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and red deer (Cervus elaphus) obtained during the 2010/2011 hunting season in north-eastern Poland. From among 48 rectal swabs obtained from 24 roe deer, two strains of Y. enterocolitica from one animal were isolated. Although both belonged to biotype 1A they were identified as different serotypes. The strain obtained from cold culture (PSB) belonged to serotype O:5, while the strain isolated from warm culture (ITC) was regarded as nonidentified (NI), what may suggest mixed infection in that animal. The presence of ystB gene, coding for YstB enterotoxin, directly related to Y. enterocolitica pathogenicity was detected in both strains using triplex PCR. The effect of the examination of 32 swabs obtained from 16 red deer was the isolation of two Y. enterocolitica strains from two different animals. Both belonged to biotype 1A with NI serotype, but were originated from different types of culture. They gave positive results in case of products of a size corresponding to the ystB gene. No amplicons corresponding to ail and ystA genes were found. Roe deer and red deer may carry and shed Y. enterocolitica, what seems to be important in aspect of an environmental reservoir of this pathogen. The Y. enterocolitica strains isolated from wild ruminants had the amplicons of the ystB gene, what suggest they can be potential source of Y. enterocolitica infection for humans

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Molecular characterization of Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in the cervids and feeding ticks from Lithuania

Biologija ◽

10.6001/biologija.v66i3.4308 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 66 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Jana Radzijevskaja ◽

Justina Snegiriovaitė ◽

Artūras Kibiša ◽

Irma Ražanskė ◽

Algimantas Paulauskas

Keyword(s):

Sequence Analysis ◽

Anaplasma Phagocytophilum ◽

Red Deer ◽

Roe Deer ◽

Bacterial Pathogen ◽

Epidemiological Studies ◽

Msp4 Gene ◽

Ixodes Ticks ◽

High Degree ◽

Sequence Types

Anaplasma phagocytophilum is a bacterial pathogen, which is a major cause of zoonotic disease, anaplasmosis. The main vectors of A. phagocytophilum are ticks of the Ixodes ricinus complex. A. phagocytophilum has a broad geographic distribution and a high degree of biological and clinical diversity. Epidemiological studies in multiple countries have shown that the prevalence of A. phagocytophilum highly depends on the density of ticks and their potential hosts such as the cervids, which are one of the main sources of nutrition for Ixodes ticks. In Lithuania, the cervids are important game animals but their contribution as reservoirs for A. phagocytophilum remains unknown. The objectives of the study were to investigate the prevalence of A. phagocytophilum infections in the cervids and feeding ticks and to characterize the A. phagocytophilum strains obtained from the cervids and ticks based on sequence analysis of msp4 gene. A total of 187 ticks were collected from 44 cervids (roe deer, red deer, and moose) harvested by professional hunters during the hunting seasons of 2010–2013 and 2016–2017 in Lithuania. Blood and spleen samples were collected from 29 animals (27 roe deer and two red deer). A. phagocytophilum DNA was identified in ten (37.04%) of the 27 roe deer. The overall prevalence of A. phagocytophilum in I. ricinus and D. reticulatus ticks was 39.3% (70/178) and 22.2% (2/9) respectively. The sequence analysis of the msp4 gene of A. phagocytophilum revealed nine different sequence types: five msp4 sequence types were detected in ticks and seven in roe deer.

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Use of Cytochrome b Polymorphism for Species Identification of Biological Material Derived from Cattle, Sheep, Goats, Roe Deer and Red Deer

Folia Biologica ◽

10.3409/fb58_1-2.47-50 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 58 (1) ◽

pp. 47-50 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Małgorzata Natonek-Wiśniewska ◽

Ewa Słota ◽

Beata Kalisz

Keyword(s):

Species Identification ◽

Cytochrome B ◽

Biological Material ◽

Red Deer ◽

Roe Deer

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Plutonium 241Pu in tissues and organs of Cervidae from Northern Poland

Radiochimica Acta ◽

10.1515/ract-2015-2415 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 103 (11) ◽

Author(s):

Dagmara I. Strumińska-Parulska ◽

Bogdan Skwarzec

Keyword(s):

Red Deer ◽

Roe Deer ◽

Fallow Deer ◽

Northern Poland ◽

The Subject

AbstractLivers, kidneys and muscles of large herbivorous animals: roe deer, red deer and fallow deer, collected in Northern Poland, were the subject of the investigation. The concentration of

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Characterisation of Faecal Staphylococci from Roe Deer (Capreolus capreolus) and Red Deer (Cervus elaphus) and Their Susceptibility to Gallidermin

Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins ◽

10.1007/s12602-019-9522-3 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 302-310

Author(s):

A. Lauková ◽

E. Bino ◽

I. Kubašová ◽

V. Strompfová ◽

R. Miltko ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cervus Elaphus ◽

Red Deer ◽

Roe Deer ◽

Capreolus Capreolus

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Does habitat type modify group size in roe deer and red deer under predation risk by Iberian wolves?

Canadian Journal of Zoology ◽

10.1139/z07-129 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 86 (3) ◽

pp. 170-176 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

I. Barja ◽

S. Rosellini

Keyword(s):

Predation Risk ◽

Group Size ◽

Cervus Elaphus ◽

Red Deer ◽

Roe Deer ◽

Habitat Type ◽

Capreolus Capreolus ◽

Antipredator Response ◽

The Mean ◽

Grouping Behavior

We examined whether group size in red deer ( Cervus elaphus L., 1758) and roe deer ( Capreolus capreolus (L., 1758)) under predation risk by Iberian wolves ( Canis lupus L., 1758) is affected by the type of habitat in which the deer reside. We hypothesized that group size (i) would be larger in open than in closed habitats, since it is an antipredator response, and (ii) would vary more with habitat type in the species that had higher wolf predation rates. In the study area, wolves were the only predator of wild ungulates, with roe deer being the main target prey. We performed monthly transects along paths to observe the group size of red and roe deer. In roe deer, the mean group size was significantly higher in open than in closed habitats, serving as an antipredator response. However, in red deer, habitat type did not affect group size. The results indicate that under predation risk by wolves the habitat type influences the grouping behavior of roe deer but not red deer. Furthermore, compared with forests, heaths offer less protection from predators and species in this habitat would benefit from larger group sizes.

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