scholarly journals The Legal Framework for Private Sector Activities in Turkey

2001 ◽  
pp. 222-242
Author(s):  
Tuğrul Arat ◽  
Izak Atiyas ◽  
Erdem Başçι ◽  
Turgut Tan
Keyword(s):  
Private Sector ◽  
Legal Framework

Academic Technology Transfer in Poland-30 Years of Growth

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-32
Author(s):  
Krystian Gurba
Keyword(s):  
Technology Transfer ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Institutional Environment ◽  
Innovation System ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Support Programs ◽  
Significant Delay ◽  
Academic Technology ◽  
The Status

Organizations managing technology transfer from universities to the private sector, although born in Poland with a significant delay compared to Western European countries, are currently important actors in the Polish innovation system. The article summarizes the process of shaping the role and models of the functioning of these organizations. It discusses the status and functions of technology transfer centers and the institutional environment of academic technology transfer in Poland: legal framework, support programs, and partner organizations. Furthermore, it highlights the importance of cooperation networks in technology transfer and draws attention to specific initiatives focused on technology transfer in the biotechnology and pharmacy sectors.

Financial Market in Nepal

2020 ◽  
pp. 794-842
Author(s):  
Narayan Prasad Paudel
Keyword(s):  
Private Sector ◽  
Financial Market ◽  
Financial Institutions ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Financial Sector ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Capital Gains ◽  
Individual Investors ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
Private Sector Development

The Nepalese financial sector is attributed of banking sector and non-banking sector. There is exponential growth in the number of financial institutions in Nepal in the last decade. The existing legal framework and institutional setup in Nepal is not conducive to the overall financial sector and private sector development and thus there is an urgent need for reformation in these sectors. The major impediments to private sector involvement in infrastructure development projects include the political and administrative instability; lack of consistent planning; lack of effective institutional support in designing and development of private sector infrastructure projects. Talking about the capital market and capital gains In Nepal, capital gains on securities transactions are taxed as ordinary income to corporations and individual investors while in most of the emerging markets capital gains on investments in stocks and bonds are not taxed, which need to be reformed as per the international practices.

scholarly journals Universities as ‘Drivers’ of Local and Regional Development

2021 ◽  
pp. 134-152
Author(s):  
Marius Constantin PROFIROIU ◽  
Maria-Roxana BRIȘCARIU
Keyword(s):  
Public Sector ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
North West ◽  
The Public ◽  
The North ◽  
Innovation And Technology ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
The University

"The society based on knowledge and innovation brings to the fore the role of universities as research and learning spaces, with the purpose for sustainable development, at local, regional, national and global levels. Following this approach, we explore the capacity of spreading the knowledge and innovation capital in the North-West region of Romania between universities, the private sector and the public sector. Also, the study explores the role taken by the university system in Romania, locally and regionally, emphasizing what type of relationship defines the exchange of outputs and what are the most useful know-how transfer mechanisms from universities to the private and public sectors. The empirical research in this paper has shown that there is a growing relationship between universities – private sector – public sector, which is characterized as ‘in an incipient phase’, ‘based on urgent needs of the parties’. All of the actors involved in this triad want to develop the links between universities – private sector – public sector in communication, research, innovation and technology, and they suggest standardization and regulation of this interaction and developing a legal framework to correspond to the actual needs at local and regional levels."

Financial Market in Nepal

2016 ◽  
pp. 146-194
Author(s):  
Narayan Prasad Paudel
Keyword(s):  
Private Sector ◽  
Financial Market ◽  
Financial Institutions ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Financial Sector ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Capital Gains ◽  
Individual Investors ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
Private Sector Development

The Nepalese financial sector is attributed of banking sector and non-banking sector. There is exponential growth in the number of financial institutions in Nepal in the last decade. The existing legal framework and institutional setup in Nepal is not conducive to the overall financial sector and private sector development and thus there is an urgent need for reformation in these sectors. The major impediments to private sector involvement in infrastructure development projects include the political and administrative instability; lack of consistent planning; lack of effective institutional support in designing and development of private sector infrastructure projects. Talking about the capital market and capital gains In Nepal, capital gains on securities transactions are taxed as ordinary income to corporations and individual investors while in most of the emerging markets capital gains on investments in stocks and bonds are not taxed, which need to be reformed as per the international practices.

Promoting water infrastructure investment to accelerate access to water in Tanzania: A legal analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 172-198
Author(s):  
JS Ombella
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Infrastructure Investment ◽  
Contributory Factor ◽  
Investment Incentives ◽  
Water Infrastructure ◽  
Water Sector ◽  
Specific Investment ◽  
Access To Water

Access to water in Tanzania is reportedly low. However, Tanzania is endowed with plenty of water resources both on the surface and underground. Notably, the uneven occurrence and natural distribution of such water resources limit many communities’ access to water. To guarantee access to water, there is a need to invest in the relevant infrastructures for extraction, treatment and supplying of water from water resources-rich areas to water-scarce areas. Investments in such infrastructures require a sound investment climate, finance, and technological expertise, which seem to be lacking in Tanzania and many other African countries. The absence of a robust legal framework that will cater to the promotion of investment in the water sector seems to be a contributory factor on poor infrastructure in the water sector leading to low access to water. This is because the poor legal framework limits private sector involvement and investment in the water sector due to fear of the risks involved, the lack of awareness of such investment opportunity, and the unclear framework of their participation to name but a few challenges. This article reviews the African regional (African Ministerial Council on Water Declarations) initiative on investment in the water sector and relevant domestic laws on water sector investments. The review reveals that Tanzania’s policy and legal framework is desirous to foster private water infrastructure investment. However, there are legal challenges in respect of the absence of water sector-specific investment incentives, inadequate data on the water sector and investment opportunities, limited human resources, narrow scope of domestic resource mobilisation and overlapping mandate of the established institutions, among others. To guarantee improved access to water Tanzanian water sector laws must address these challenges inhibiting the potential of private sector investment.

scholarly journals Public Private Partnerships and possibilities of their using in the field of Ministry of Agriculture 

2012 ◽  
Vol 52 (No. 9) ◽  
pp. 397-400
Author(s):  
R. Jurčík
Keyword(s):  
Public Sector ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Public Procurement ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Public Private Partnerships ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public And Private Sector ◽  
Private Venture

Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) are based on co-operation between the public and private sector. The reason for using it is a lack of public financial sources. For this reason, in most PPPs the management and financing of the project is entrusted to the private sector. In the Czech Republic, the widest development area for PPPs in the scope of the Ministry of Agriculture is probably water supply. The further areas for using of PPPs in the scope of this Ministry are the following: forestry, flood protection, adjustment of water flow, security of water sources, builging of the strategic foodstuff store. Important attempts have been made within the last year to increase the implementation of PPPs in water supply. These attempts are based on operation models similar to the BOT (Build Operate Transfer) and the DBFO (Design Build Finance Operate). In addition, the Czech Parliament adopted a law No. 139/2006 Coll., on concessions procedure and concession treaty which entered into force in July, 1<sup>st</sup>, 2006 and which brings the legal framework for realisation of the PPPs. There are some legal barriers which limited wide using of the PPPs. It is in the case of public-private venture companies (the limitation is&nbsp; in public procurement law). Public-private venture companies &ndash; which refer to the situation where both the private and the public sector holds equity, and, consequently, the company is controlled by the private as well as the public sector &ndash; should be the ideal form of PPPs in the areas which are in the scope of the Ministry of Agriculture.&nbsp;

scholarly journals The Evolving EU Anti-Money Laundering Regime

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valsamis Mitsilegas ◽  
Niovi Vavoula
Keyword(s):  
Private Sector ◽  
Money Laundering ◽  
Task Force ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Global Standards ◽  
Financial Intelligence ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Terrorist Finance

Over the past twenty-five years, the European Union has developed a far-reaching legal regime aimed at countering money laundering. The evolution of this regime has been linked inextricably with the parallel development of global standards in the field, most notably by the Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering (FATF). This article will critically evaluate the content of EU anti-money laundering law, by putting forward a comprehensive typology of the EU anti-money laundering regime as outlined in the successive EU Anti-Money Laundering Directives and consisting of three elements: the criminalization of money laundering and terrorist finance; the prevention of money laundering via the imposition of a series of duties on the private sector; and the focus on financial intelligence, via the establishment and co-operation of financial intelligence units responsible for receiving and analysing reports received from the private sector. The article will examine the evolution of EU law as regards all elements of anti-money laundering law, by focusing in particular on the changes brought forward by the post-Lisbon Fourth Money Laundering Directive. The article will cast light on the influence of the FATF in shaping these standards and will highlight the impact of the ever expanding EU anti-money laundering legal framework on fundamental rights and the rule of law.

scholarly journals An Evaluation of Barriers obstructing the Applicability of Public Private Partnership (PPP) in Infrastructure Development

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (12) ◽  
pp. 2643-2664 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sedqi Esmaeel Rezouki ◽  
Jinan Kata'a Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Nonparametric Tests ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
Private Institutions ◽  
Supportive Environment ◽  
Financing Infrastructure ◽  
Level Of Importance ◽  
Private Sector Engagement

Shortage in funds after the declining in oil prices since 2014, made Iraq government encourage private sector engagement in financing infrastructure projects through PPP. However, private sector reluctance was notable.  Therefore, this research is conducted to assess if Iraq is a supportive environment for PPP projects development. 25 risk factors of PPP projects have been listed and organized within a questionnaire that was conducted with a participation of 98 respondents from public, private institutions and academics. Means comparison was used to rank and identify respondent agreement on assessing the level of importance of these risk factors, also nonparametric tests were used. Findings indicated that all respondents groups have agreed on ranking corruption on the top of barriers that government should deal with to ensure the success of PPP projects. Afterward scarcity of private funds came in the first place followed by insufficient public administration processes and then by the lack of legal framework followed by the delays in acquisition of land and while the lack of sovereign guarantee came at the fifth place. The perceptions of survey groups’ respondents concerning the importance of risk factors differ , where both public and academics respondents have serious concerns regarding the private sector capacity to carry out the task and the availability of private funds. On the other hand the private sector concerns the availability of government incentives to support for infrastructure PPP projects. Overall findings indicated that government must work on building a solid enabling environment before the initiation of PPP approach in Iraq.

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