Are the Data Correct? Information Bias

This study examines the influence of familiarity on witnesses’ memory and the individual effectiveness of each of the four cognitive interview instructions in improving witnesses’ recall of scripted events. Participants (N = 195), either familiar or unfamiliar with the hospital script, were presented with a video of a surgical operation. One week later, an interviewer used one of the four cognitive interview instructions or a control instruction to ask them about the video. Participants familiar with the surgery context recalled significantly more correct information and, in particular, more consistent and irrelevant details than those unfamiliar with the surgery context. Furthermore, the results confirmed the effectiveness of all four cognitive interview mnemonics in enhancing the amount of correct information reported, irrespective of the participants’ familiarity with the critical event. However, their efficacy differed depending on the category of details considered. The practical implications of these results are discussed.

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The information bias in medical decision making

PsycEXTRA Dataset ◽

10.1037/e722292011-133 ◽

2007 ◽

Author(s):

Gabriella Pravettoni ◽

Claudio Lucchiari ◽

Salvatore Nuccio Leotta ◽

Gianluca Vago

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Medical Decision Making ◽

Medical Decision ◽

Information Bias

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EXPRESS: The Effects of Experimentally Induced Emotions on Revising Common Vaccine Misconceptions

Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology ◽

10.1177/17470218211017840 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 174702182110178

Author(s):

Greg Trevors ◽

Catherine Bohn-Gettler ◽

Panayiota Kendeou

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Processes ◽

Positive Emotions ◽

Educational Practice ◽

Empirical Knowledge ◽

Emotion Induction ◽

Correct Information ◽

Knowledge Revision ◽

Refutation Texts ◽

Experimentally Induced

Knowledge revision is the process of updating incorrect prior knowledge in light of new, correct information. Although theoretical and empirical knowledge has advanced regarding the cognitive processes involved in revision, less is known about the role of emotions, which have shown inconsistent relations with key revision processes. The present study examined the effects of experimentally induced emotions on online and offline knowledge revision of vaccination misconceptions. Before reading refutation and non-refutation texts, 96 individuals received either a positive, negative, or no emotion induction. Findings showed that negative emotions, more than positive emotions, resulted in enhanced knowledge revision as indicated by greater ease of integrating correct information during reading and higher comprehension test scores after reading. Findings are discussed with respect to contemporary frameworks of knowledge revision and emotion in reading comprehension and implications for educational practice.

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Correcting Citizens’ Misperceptions about non-Western Immigrants: Corrective Information, Interpretations, and Policy Opinions

Journal of Experimental Political Science ◽

10.1017/xps.2020.35 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Frederik Juhl Jørgensen ◽

Mathias Osmundsen

Keyword(s):

Immigration Policy ◽

Large Scale ◽

Total Population ◽

Survey Experiment ◽

Correct Information ◽

The Usa ◽

Large Scale Survey ◽

Nationally Representative ◽

Information Change ◽

Corrective Information

Abstract Can corrective information change citizens’ misperceptions about immigrants and subsequently lead to favorable immigration opinions? While prior studies from the USA document how corrections about the size of minority populations fail to change citizens’ immigration-related opinions, they do not examine how other facts that speak to immigrants’ cultural or economic dependency rates can influence immigration policy opinions. To extend earlier work, we conducted a large-scale survey experiment fielded to a nationally representative sample of Danes. We randomly expose participants to information about non-Western immigrants’ (1) welfare dependency rate, (2) crime rate, and (3) proportion of the total population. We find that participants update their factual beliefs in light of correct information, but reinterpret the information in a highly selective fashion, ultimately failing to change their policy preferences.

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A Comparison of the Composition of Selected Commercial Sandalwood Oils with the International Standard

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26082249 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (8) ◽

pp. 2249

Author(s):

Malgorzata Kucharska ◽

Barbara Frydrych ◽

Wiktor Wesolowski ◽

Jadwiga A. Szymanska ◽

Anna Kilanowicz

Keyword(s):

Mass Spectrometry Analysis ◽

Santalum Album ◽

Benzyl Benzoate ◽

Spectrometry Analysis ◽

Correct Information ◽

Three Samples ◽

Two Samples ◽

High Street ◽

Chromatographic Profile ◽

Sandalwood Oil

Sandalwood oils are highly desired but expensive, and hence many counterfeit oils are sold in high street shops. The study aimed to determine the content of oils sold under the name sandalwood oil and then compare their chromatographic profile and α- and β santalol content with the requirements of ISO 3518:2002. Gas chromatography with mass spectrometry analysis found that none of the six tested “sandalwood” oils met the ISO standard, especially in terms of α-santalol content. Only one sample was found to contain both α- and β-santalol, characteristic of Santalum album. In three samples, valerianol, elemol, eudesmol isomers, and caryophyllene dominated, indicating the presence of Amyris balsamifera oil. Another two oil samples were found to be synthetic mixtures: benzyl benzoate predominating in one, and synthetic alcohols, such as javanol, polysantol and ebanol, in the other. The product label only gave correct information in three cases: one sample containing Santalum album oil and two samples containing Amyris balsamifera oil. The synthetic samples described as 100% natural essential oil from sandalwood are particularly dangerous and misleading to the consumer. Moreover, the toxicological properties of javanol, polysantol and ebanol, for example, are unknown.

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A cross-linguistic study of metacommunication in online hotel reviews

Intercultural Pragmatics ◽

10.1515/ip-2020-4003 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (4) ◽

pp. 445-470

Author(s):

Irene Cenni ◽

Patrick Goethals ◽

Camilla Vásquez

Keyword(s):

Hospitality Industry ◽

Service Providers ◽

Mother Tongue ◽

Service Failure ◽

Specific Form ◽

Service Encounter ◽

Service Encounters ◽

Correct Information ◽

Linguistic Patterns

AbstractIn this study, we focus on a specific form of metacommunication found in an emerging digital genre: Hotel reviews posted on TripAdvisor. In particular, we investigate how tourists represent their service encounter interactions. The main goal of the present study is to identify what these digital metacommunicative practices reveal about communicative norms and expectations among groups of reviewers writing in three different languages. We analyzed a multilingual dataset of 1800 reviews written in English, Dutch, and Italian. The results reveal that reviewers commented upon a broad range of aspects when evaluating service encounters interactions, for instance, describing the quality of the interaction (e.g. polite, correct), or a lack of communication when a specific type of communication is expected (e.g. absence of greetings, or apologies after a service failure). Further, we found similar cross-linguistic patterns, such as appreciation for being able to communicate in one’s mother tongue during the hotel-guest encounter. At the same time, a few differences across languages emerged, such as the preference for precise and correct information within British reviews. Since service interactions are of fundamental importance for customer satisfaction, our findings contribute not only to the current research on metacommunication in digital contexts, but may also be significant for service providers in the hospitality industry.

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